The advancement of wireless and mobile technologies has given rise to the mobile government (m-Government). A new channel of public service delivery using a mobile phone. In Tanzania, several m-Government initiatives have been undertaken. Among these, some can be said to have succeeded while others are still struggling. The reasons for these variations are not known. This study aimed to capture the critical success factors (CSFs) for the adoption of m-Government and propose a framework under the Tanzanian context. The study builds upon an extensive literature review methodology based on six electronic databases from 2003 to 2017. The results show that security, usability, access, cost, infrastructure, and personal initiatives and characteristics have the strongest effect on the adoption of m-Government services. Based on the findings of the critical review, a conceptual framework is proposed by extending the mobile services acceptance model (MSAM). A further finding is that most of the m-Government adoption research have not considered the environmental setting. Hence, this study calls for more research on m-Government adoption with consideration to the environmental setting (mandatory or optional environment). The study culminates by providing both practical, theoretical, and policy implications of the findings.Tanzania (NECTA) portal for secondary school examination results. Other m-Government initiatives such as Dodoma Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (DUWASA) water bill payment system and UTUMISHI portal for job vacancy announcements are still struggling. Hitherto, no systematic study has been carried out to critically analyze and provide a scientific explanation of this variation. Such critical analysis and explanation would provide the avenues for designing responsive business processes to guide successful deployment of m-Government in Tanzania.Furthermore, m-Government is still a completely new undertaking in Africa and worldwide in general. Frameworks to guide its deployment and adoption are not common (Munyoka & Manzira, 2014). Unless there is a clear understanding of factors that underpin its deployment, m-Government adoption by citizens will remain underutilized or it may take longer than necessary to fully adopt it (Avgerou, 2002).This study is conceptual in nature, and within this perspective, it attempts to capture the critical success factors (CSFs) for the adoption of m-Government services in Tanzania. Moreover, the study develops a conceptual framework for m-Government adoption in Tanzania.The structure of this paper is as follows: Section 2 presents the evolution and growth of m-Government services in Tanzania. Section 3 describes the method used in this study. Discussion on the CSFs for m-Government adoption is presented in Section 4. Section 5 describes the theoretical foundation and conceptual framework for this study. The results analysis and discussion are presented in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes this paper. | EVOLUTION AND GROWTH OF m-GOVERNMENT SERVICES IN TANZANIAM...

This paper provides a security method which can be used for data that contains alphabets, numerals and some special symbols during their transmission. A discussion about cryptology and the existing Polybius cipher is made. The existing Polybius cipher is based on the use of a 5X5 matrix of letters constructed using numbers from 1 to 5. This square can allow the text that contains alphabets only. For this reason, we have proposed an improvement to the existing Polybius cipher, in which an 8X8 matrix can be constructed.

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Despite the fact that programming is at the heart of computer science, it is argued that even at its simplest level it is a difficult subject to teach and learn. For any new learner programming concepts are abstract and confusing. As teaching programming continues to be a daunting task, this article revisits common challenges inherent in teaching computer programming to novices. Further, Memory Transfer Language (MTL) as used to teach programming is introduced and demonstrated. Different kinds of misconceptions in programming and their associated bugs are analysed. An experiment using MTL to teach programming was carried out, using error-counts in examination scripts from two groups of students, one instructed using MTL and the other through the conventional approach. Results indicated a highly significant statistical difference (p = 0) between the two groups, showing that MTL can help novices avoid common programming misconceptions and reduce the errors they make. This shows that if programming is taught using MTL, comprehension is enhanced.

In this paper, the use of visualization techniques in teaching and learning programming is revisited. It is demonstrated that MTL can be used to visualize most of programming aspects. MTL, as a tool for dry-running programs, tracing and correcting codes is used in a class experiment. Results show that MTL can be used in teaching novice programmers to improve their coding abilities.