O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade espacial da resistência do solo à penetração (RP), teor de água no solo (U) e a produtividade na cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido no ano agrícola de 2015/2016, na fazenda Sobradinho, da propriedade do Instituto Federal do Triângulo Mineiro, Campus Uberlândia. A resistência à penetração foi determinada através do penetrômetro de impacto (modelo IAA/Planasulcar-Stolf) nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30, Para analisar as variáveis, utilizou-se cálculos da estatística descritiva e técnicas de geoestatística. Para avaliar a dependência espacial das variáveis empregou-se o cálculo da semivariância e do ajuste dos dados ao semivariograma experimental. Para calcular a produtividade, foram colhidas as espigas, em condições de umidade de campo, em 2 m2 em cada ponto georeferenciados. RP da camada de 0-10 não apresentou dependência espacial, devido à distância entre os pontos na malha não terem sido suficiente, portanto, a quantidade de pontos deve ser maior. As variáveis de RP apresentaram valores altos, indicando compactação, porém a produtividade não foi baixa. As variáveis que apresentaram dependência espacial foram RP das camadas de 0-20 cm e 0-30.
The usage of biodiesel, a renewable and biodegradable fuel, is becoming increasingly popular. The objective of the study was to evaluate the operational performance-tractor forward speed, drawbar power, and fuel consumption-and smoke density of an agricultural tractor using biodiesel, diesel, and biodiesel/diesel mixtures as fuel in a tilled field. Soybean biodiesel, murumuru biodiesel, and three combinations of soybean biodiesel and murumuru were used: 90S10M (90% soybean and 10% murumuru), 80S20M (80% soybean and 20% murumuru), and 70S30M (70% soybean and 30% murumuru). The biodiesel/diesel ratios were: B0, B5, B15, B25, B50, and B100; the letter B indicates the presence of biodiesel and the number is the percentage of biodiesel in the diesel. The results showed an increase in specific fuel consumption (SFC) of 10.13%, 16.66%, 12.69%, 14.59%, and 17.42% for murumuru, soybean, 90S10M, 80S20M, and 70S30M, respectively, when comparing B100 to B0. SFC was influenced by the type of biodiesel, B100 of soybean, 90S10M, 80S20M, and 70S30M consumptions were, respectively, 7.8%, 2.9%, 5.2%, and 8.8% higher than those of murumuru. The hourly volumetric consumption (HVC) of 90S10M was 4.8% higher than soybean and murumuru. The tractor's forward speed and drawbar power did not have any significant difference. Smoke density was reduced by 51.6%, 23.04%, 30.41%, 37.8%, and 36.9% for Murumuru, Soybean, 90S10M, 80S20M, and 70S30M, respectively, when comparing B100 to B0. For Murumuru, the smoke density was 59.0%, 43.8%, 28.6%, and 30.5% lower for this variety of biodiesel when compared to soybean at 90S10M, 80S20M and 70S30M, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential usage of biodiesel as a substitution for diesel.
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to diesel engines. This study aimed to evaluate fuel consumption and smoke density of agricultural tractors fueled by biodiesel, diesel, and biodiesel/diesel mixtures in a tilled field. Treatments consisted of distilled methyl ester (biodiesel) of babassu (Orbinya martiana) and seven combinations of it with two standard diesel fuels (B S1800 and B S50). The blending ratios were 0, 5, 15, 25, 50, and 100% biodiesel in diesel oil (B0, B5, B15, B25, B50, and B100, respectively). Regarding the results for hourly volumetric consumption, no difference was found between B0 and B100 when using B S1800, whereas an 8% increase was observed when using the S50. The weighted hourly consumption increased by 11.29 and 16.9% from B0 to B100 using B S1800 and B S50, respectively. Similarly, the specific fuel consumption increased by 11.1% and 14.3% from B0 to B100 using B S1800 and B S50, respectively. Yet, when comparing B0 and B S1800, the smoke density reduction was 68.6% and between B S50 and B100 was 58.0%. Our findings show that babassu biodiesel is a suitable substitute for diesel oil, without causing any damage to the tractor's engine.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or residual oil by reaction with ethanol or methanol, renewable fuel sources decrease environmental problems. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the operational performance and smoke density of an agricultural tractor running ethyl biodiesel from buriti oil (Mauritia flexuosa), diesel B S50 and diesel B S1800. Each type of diesel was mixed with biodiesel according proportions B0, B5, B15, B25, B50 and B75, in which the number indicates the percentage of biodiesel in diesel. Fuel consumption (volumetric, weight, and specific), drawbar force and power, real travel speed and smoke density were evaluated. Replacing B S1800 and B S50 (B0 diesels) with B100 reduced smoke density by 33.33% and 28.90%, respectively. The results showed an increase of 5.41% in specific fuel consumption comparing B0 and B100. Finally, biodiesel can be considered totally or as blending for fueling tractors. Abbreviations: SFC_specific fuel consumption (g kW h -1 ); WHC_ hourly fuel weight consumption (kg h -1 ); DP_drawbar power (kW); Sv_supply fuel volume (mL); Dsf_fuel supply density (kg m -3 ); Rv_return fuel volume (mL); Drf_return fuel density (kg m -3 ); t_travel time (s); HVC_hourly volumetric fuel consumption (L h -1 ); BIOEM_ biofuel and machinery test; B0_0% of biodiesel; B5_5% of biodiesel; B10_10% of biodiesel; B15_15% of biodiesel; B20_20% of biodiesel; B25_25% of biodiesel; B50_50% of biodiesel; B75_75% of biodiesel; B100_100% of biodiesel; CPB10_10% of Ceiba petandra biodiesel; CPB20_20% of Ceiba petandra biodiesel; CPB30_30% of Ceiba petandra biodiesel; CPB40_40% of Ceiba petandra biodiesel; UNESP_Universidade Estadual Paulista; LADETEL_ development of clean technologies; USP_ University of Sao Paulo; CAPES_ higher level personnel improvement Brazilian commission ANP_Brazilian national agency of petroleum.
O biodiesel pode ser obtido a partir de óleos vegetais, gorduras animais ou óleos residuais por meio da reação com etanol ou metanol e destaca-se entre as fontes renováveis de energia apontadas como solução para aumentar a segurança no suprimento de energia e minimizar alguns problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso de combustíveis derivados do petróleo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o consumo de combustível e a opacidade da fumaça do trator agrícola em função do tipo e proporções de mistura de biodiesel com diesel comum de petróleo. O experimento foi realizado no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal-SP, utilizando-se um trator 4x2 TDA de 80,9 kW (110 cv) de potência no motor. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 6x2, em que as combinações dos fatores foram seis proporções de mistura biodiesel/diesel (B0, B5, B25, B50, B75 e B100, em que o número indica a percentagem de biodiesel no diesel) e dois tipos de biodiesel (dendê e mamona). Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: consumo horário volumétrico (L h-1), consumo horário ponderal (kg h-1), consumo específico de combustível (g kW-1 h-1) e opacidade da fumaça. Os resultados evidenciaram que a partir do uso da mistura com 50% de biodiesel ocorreu aumento no consumo específico, entretanto o tipo de biodiesel não influenciou a referida variável. A opacidade da fumaça reduziu a partir da adição de 5% de biodiesel, destacando que o tipo de biodiesel também influenciou esta medida, sendo o dendê de menor opacidade.
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