Objective To establish maternal complication rates for fetoscopic or open fetal surgery. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review for studies of fetoscopic or open fetal surgery performed since 1990, recording maternal complications during fetal surgery, the remainder of pregnancy, delivery, and after the index pregnancy. Results One hundred sixty‐six studies were included, reporting outcomes for open fetal (n = 1193 patients) and fetoscopic surgery (n = 9403 patients). No maternal deaths were reported. The risk of any maternal complication in the index pregnancy was 20.9% (95%CI, 15.22‐27.13) for open fetal and 6.2% (95%CI, 4.93‐7.49) for fetoscopic surgery. For severe maternal complications (grades III to V Clavien‐Dindo classification of surgical complications), the risk was 4.5% (95% CI 3.24‐5.98) for open fetal and 1.7% (95% CI, 1.19‐2.20) for fetoscopic surgery. In subsequent pregnancies, open fetal surgery increased the risk of preterm birth but not uterine dehiscence or rupture. Nearly one quarter of reviewed studies (n = 175, 23.3%) was excluded for failing to report the presence or absence of maternal complications. Conclusions Maternal complications occur in 6.2% fetoscopic and 20.9% open fetal surgeries, with serious maternal complications in 1.7% fetoscopic and 4.5% open procedures. Reporting of maternal complications is variable. To properly quantify maternal risks, outcomes should be reported consistently across all fetal surgery studies.

Pregnant women may be at higher risk of severe complications associated with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may lead to obstetrical complications. We performed a case control study comparing pregnant women with severe coronavirus disease 19 (cases) to pregnant women with a milder form (controls) enrolled in the COVI-Preg international registry cohort between March 24 and July 26, 2020. Risk factors for severity, obstetrical and immediate neonatal outcomes were assessed. A total of 926 pregnant women with a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 were included, among which 92 (9.9%) presented with severe COVID-19 disease. Risk factors for severe maternal outcomes were pulmonary comorbidities [aOR 4.3, 95% CI 1.9–9.5], hypertensive disorders [aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0–7.0] and diabetes [aOR2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.5]. Pregnant women with severe maternal outcomes were at higher risk of caesarean section [70.7% (n = 53/75)], preterm delivery [62.7% (n = 32/51)] and newborns requiring admission to the neonatal intensive care unit [41.3% (n = 31/75)]. In this study, several risk factors for developing severe complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection among pregnant women were identified including pulmonary comorbidities, hypertensive disorders and diabetes. Obstetrical and neonatal outcomes appear to be influenced by the severity of maternal disease.

BackgroundCongenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a congenital anomaly with high mortality and morbidity mainly due to pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension. Temporary fetal tracheal occlusion to promote prenatal lung growth may improve survival. Entrapment of lung fluid stretches the airways, leading to lung growth.MethodsFetal endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) is performed by percutaneous sono-endoscopic insertion of a balloon developed for interventional radiology. Reversal of the occlusion to induce lung maturation can be performed by fetoscopy, transabdominal puncture, tracheoscopy, or by postnatal removal if all else fails.ResultsFETO and balloon removal have been shown safe in experienced hands. This paper deals with the technical aspects of balloon insertion and removal. While FETO is invasive, it has minimal maternal risks yet can cause preterm birth potentially offsetting its beneficial effects.ConclusionFor left-sided severe and moderate CDH, the procedure is considered investigational and is currently being evaluated in a global randomized clinical trial (https://www.totaltrial.eu/). The procedure can be clinically offered to fetuses with severe right-sided CDH.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s10397-018-1041-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objective To assess the neurodevelopmental outcome of children with spina bifida aperta (SBA) treated prenatally as compared to those treated postnatally. Methods We performed a systematic review of the literature in PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library, comparing the neurological outcome of infants with SBA treated prenatally vs postnatally. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized prospective controlled studies were included. The primary outcome assessed was neurodevelopmental impairment at the age of 1 year or later. Secondary outcomes were preterm birth, need for ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt by 12 months of age, absence of signs of hindbrain herniation at the first postnatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and independent ambulation evaluated at 30 months. Results Of 11 359 studies identified through the electronic search, six met the inclusion criteria and were assessed in full text and two, one RCT and one prospective cohort study, were ultimately included in the meta‐analysis. Sensitivity analysis did not show any difference between the outcomes of the RCT alone and those of the pooled RCT and prospective cohort study. This allowed neurodevelopmental assessment of 213 children between 14 and 53 months of age. Neurodevelopment was assessed by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II (BSID‐II) mental development index corrected for chronological age, with a cut‐off of ≥ 70 (representing no more than 2 SD below the mean). The presence of neurodevelopmental impairment was similar between children who underwent prenatal (25/105 (23.8%)) and those who had postnatal (30/108 (27.8%)) repair of SBA (odds ratio (OR), 0.82 (95% CI, 0.43–1.56); P = 0.54), although the risk of prematurity was higher in the prenatal‐repair group (OR, 17.62 (95% CI, 7.60–40.87); P < 0.0001). For every two fetuses operated on before birth, there was, compared with those operated on after birth, one additional premature birth (number needed to harm = 2 (95% CI, 1–3)). The need for VP shunt placement by 12 months of age was lower in the prenatal‐repair group (45/109 (41.3%)) than in children that had postnatal repair (93/112 (83.0%); OR, 0.14 (95% CI, 0.08–0.26); P < 0.0001). Data on neurodevelopmental impairment in children with a shunt were available only for patients from the prenatal‐surgery group of the RCT; in this subgroup, the likelihood for impairment was similar between children who did (7/39 (17.9%)) and those who did not (4/48 (8.3%)) have shunt placement (P = 0.21). At first postnatal MRI evaluation, no signs of hindbrain herniation were detected in 28/88 (31.8%) children who were operated on prenatally compared with 4/89 (4.5%) who had postnatal repair (OR, 9.45 (95% CI, 3.12–28.64); P < 0.0001). Independent ambulation at 30 months was achieved by 41/109 (37.6%) children who underwent prenatal repair compared with 21/111 (18.9%) who had postnatal repair (OR, 2.59 (95% CI, 1.39–4.86); P = 0.003). Conclusion The risk of neurodevelopmental impairment in infan...

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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is surgically correctable, yet the poor lung development determines mortality and morbidity. In isolated cases the outcome may be predicted prenatally by medical imaging. Cases with a poor prognosis could be treated before birth. However, prenatal modulation of lung development remains experimental. Fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion triggers lung growth and is currently being evaluated in a global clinical trial. Prenatal transplacental sildenafil administration may in due course be a therapeutic approach, reducing the occurrence of persistent pulmonary hypertension, either alone or in combination with fetal surgery.

Purpose To compare the incidence of nausea, vomiting, and arterial hypotension between carbetocin and oxytocin to prevent haemorrhage after caesarean section (CS). Methods A randomized controlled trial in term pregnant women undergoing planned CS. Groups were randomized to carbetocin or oxytocin. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, presence of nausea/vomitus, and need for vasopressors were evaluated throughout surgery. Preoperative and postoperative haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were compared. Results Fifty-eight women were randomized (carbetocin n = 32; oxytocin n = 26). Both medications had hypotensive effect, difference in BP for carbetocin versus oxytocin: systolic (14.4 ± 2.4 mmHg versus 8.5 ± 1.8 mmHg); diastolic (7.8 ± 1.6 mmHg versus 8.9 ± 3.0 mmHg) without significant difference between the drugs (p = 0.1 and p = 0.7). Both groups had similar needs for vasopressors. The presence of nausea was not rare, but the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.4). Average blood loss was slightly lower in the carbetocin group but not statistically significant (p = 0.8). Conclusion In planned CS, a possible clinical significant lower incidence of nausea after carbetocin was noted but this was not statistically significant. There were no differences regarding BP, heart rate, the need for vasopressor, and blood loss. The study was registered in the International Journal of Clinical Trials (ISRCTN 95504420, 2/2017).

Preterm birth is the most significant problem in contemporary obstetrics accounting for 5–18% of worldwide deliveries. Encephalopathy of prematurity encompasses the multifaceted diffuse brain injury resulting from preterm birth. Current animal models exploring the underlying pathophysiology of encephalopathy of prematurity employ significant insults to generate gross central nervous system abnormalities. To date the exclusive effect of prematurity was only studied in a non-human primate model. Therefore, we aimed to develop a representative encephalopathy of prematurity small animal model only dependent on preterm birth. Time mated New-Zealand white rabbit does were either delivered on 28 (pre-term) or 31 (term) postconceptional days by caesarean section. Neonatal rabbits underwent neurobehavioral evaluation on 32 days post conception and then were transcardially perfuse fixed. Neuropathological assessments for neuron and oligodendrocyte quantification, astrogliosis, apoptosis and cellular proliferation were performed. Lastly, ex-vivo high-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging was used to calculate T1 volumetric and Diffusion Tensor Imaging derived fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. Preterm birth was associated with a motoric (posture instability, abnormal gait and decreased locomotion) and partial sensory (less pain responsiveness and failing righting reflex) deficits that coincided with global lower neuron densities, less oligodendrocyte precursors, increased apoptosis and less proliferation. These region-specific histological changes corresponded with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging differences. The most significant differences were seen in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus and thalamus of the preterm rabbits. In conclusion this model of preterm birth, in the absence of any other contributory events, resulted in measurable neurobehavioral deficits with associated brain structural and Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging findings.