This contribution analyzes how men and women in France, Italy, Sweden, and the United States use their time over the life cycle and the extent to which societal and institutional contexts influence the gender division of labor. In order to test the hypothesis that contextual factors play a crucial role in shaping time allocation, this study considers countries that diverge considerably in terms of welfare state regime, employment and paid working time systems, family policies, and social norms. Using national time-use surveys for the late 1990s and early 2000s and regression techniques, the study not only finds large gender discrepancies in time use in each country at all stages of life but also determines that institutional contexts, in particular the design of family policies and employment regimes, do shape gender roles in different ways, and that Sweden displays the lowest gender gap in time allocation across the life course.Gender division of labor, life course, paid work, time budget surveys, time use, unpaid household work,
Using a sample of Swedish households, we estimate a household labor supply model assuming that preferences for consumption and leisure can be described by a direct translog utility function. The labor supply and welfare participation decisions are treated as a discrete choice problem, and we assume that these choices follow a simple conditional logit rule. In addition, we allow unobserved individual-specific effects to be correlated across alternatives. We assume that these unobserved effects are drawn from a discrete distribution, and the correlation across alternatives is modeled using factor-loading techniques. Classification error in hours is allowed for by using a multiplicative measurement error specification. The estimates from the structural model yield inelastic labor supply among husbands and positive wage elasticity for wives. Further, the cross elasticities are close to zero.
[fre] Offre de travail et répartition des activités domestiques et parentales au sein du couple: une comparaison entre la France et la Suède . . Globalement, la division du travail entre conjoints dans les couples français et suédois reste traditionnelle et évolue dans le même sens. Dans les deux pays, les femmes consacrent plus de temps aux activités domestiques et parentales et moins de temps aux activités professionnelles que les hommes. Un tel résultat doit cependant être précisé en fonction des contextes économiques, institutionnels et sociétaux de chaque pays, notamment pour apprécier dans quelle mesure ces différences favorisent ou entravent une division plus égalitaire des activités rémunérées et des tâches domestiques et parentales entre les conjoints. Au vu d’analyses plus fines, la division du travail apparaît ainsi plus inégalitaire pour les couples français que pour les couples suédois. Les Suédois consacrent plus de temps aux activités domestiques et parentales que leurs homologues français. Les Suédoises ajustent aussi davantage leur offre de travail à celle de leur conjoint. La présence d’enfants d’âge préscolaire réduit l’offre des travail des femmes dans les deux pays, mais les mères françaises ont plus tendance à se retirer complètement du marché du travail après une naissance. Cette différence s’explique par un système de congés parentaux plus souple en Suède qui ménage davantage de possibilités de réinsertion sur le marché du travail tenant compte de la présence de jeunes enfants dans le couple. En revanche, après l’âge de trois ans, les modes de garde collective de la petite enfance, qui concernent les trois quarts des enfants dans les deux pays, jouent plutôt dans le sens d’une meilleure parité hommes/ femmes dans l’offre de travail. En France, plus les femmes travaillent et plus la répartition des tâches domestiques est égalitaire, surtout si elles ont un niveau de formation élevé. La contribution des pères français aux activités parentales restent cependant moins élevée que celle des pères suédois. [eng] The Labour Supply and the Breakdown of Domestic and Parental Activities within the Couple: a Comparison between France and Sweden . . The division of labour between spouses in French and Swedish couples remains traditional overall and is developing along the same lines. In both countries, women spend more time on domestic and parental activities and less time on professional activities than the men. However, this finding calls for a more detailed study from the point of view of each country’s economic, institutional and societal contexts, especially to assess the extent to which these differences promote or hinder a more equal division of remunerated activities and domestic and parental tasks between spouses. The more detailed analyses show the division of labour to be more inequitable for French couples than for Swedish couples. The Swedes spend more time on domestic and parental activities than their French counterparts. Swedish women also adjust their labour supply more to that of thei...
In this paper we evaluate a hypothetical tax and benefit reform to increase the working hours and to decrease welfare participation of single mothers in Sweden. We formulate and estimate simultaneously a structural static model of labor supply and welfare participation. The results suggest that labor supply among single mother households in Sweden is quite elastic, and that there is self-selection into welfare. We also find that the proposed reform would generate welfare gains for virtually everyone in the sample, benefit low-income households, and would at the same time generate a small revenue surplus. Copyright 2007 The Authors; Journal compilation 2007 CEIS, Fondazione Giacomo Brodolini and Blackwell Publishing Ltd..
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