When a plasma is sustained in the open air, nitrogen will diffuse into the plasma. Especially for plasmas sustained by the 'Torche à Injection Axiale' (TIA) this appears to be the case, since this turbulent jet draws gases from the surroundings. In the argon plasma the entrained nitrogen is probably converted into N + 2 (via charge transfer with argon ions), which is consequently destroyed by dissociative recombination (DR). This mechanism affects the plasma in two ways: (1) it offers an important loss channel for the free electrons and (2) the gas is heated by the kinetic energy of the nitrogen atoms produced in the DR reaction.
Water tunnels built for hydropower passing through weak and heterogeneous rock mass pose challenges associated to slaking and disintegration, as they are first exposed to dry condition during excavation and are then filled with water to produce hydropower energy. Over the period of operational life, these tunnels are drained periodically for inspections and repair leading to drainage and filling cycles. The weakening of rock mass caused by cycles of drying, saturation and drainage may lead to the propagation of instabilities in the tunnels. Therefore, it is important to study the slaking and disintegration behavior of the weak rock mass consisting of clay and clay-like minerals. This paper assesses the mineralogical composition of flysch and serpentinite from the headrace tunnel of Moglicë Hydropower Project in Albania. Further, to determine the slaking and disintegration behavior of these rocks, extensive testing using both the ISRM, Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr 16 (2): 143-151, (1979) suggested test method and a modified variant of this test are performed. Finally, comprehensive assessments, discussions and comparisons are made. It is found that the modified slake durability test better suits for the tunnels built as water conveying systems such as hydropower tunnels.
Strain in and around pyramidal InAs/GaAs quantum dots ͑QD's͒ fabricated by molecular-beam-epitaxy influences the density of states of the confined charge carriers. The presence of strain in QD's is required to explain their optical properties. In this paper MeV ion-channeling experiments are presented which provide evidence for the presence of strain in and around InAs QD's in GaAs. The small dimensions of the QD's ͑typical height 4 nm͒ and the presence of a wetting layer complicate the interpretation of channeling measurements, but our experiments show that extended strain fields around the QD's induce ion steering which accounts for the observed channeling behavior.
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