A new class of aromatic fumaronitrile core-based compounds with different donors and linkers has been synthesized and well characterized. Compounds 1 and 2 have indole and 2-phenylindole groups as electron donors, respectively. Compounds 3 and 4 have a diphenylamino group as the electron donor, and compound 5 has a 3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazole group as an electron donor. These compounds absorb in the blue-to-green region and emit in the blue-to-red region depending on the electron donor, linker, and solvents. The quantum yields of fluorescence of these compounds in solution are measured and found to be moderate, but in solid states, they are high. These compounds display strong emission solvatochromism that is reflected by a large shift in their fluorescence emission maxima on changing the solvents. This change is accompanied by a successive decrease in fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence lifetimes of these compounds are measured in different solvent and found to vary from <1 to 7 ns. Optical switching of these compounds with solvents, concentration, and excitation energy have been studied. The correlation between the functional group and optical properties has been established to some extent. The ability of these compounds to function as colorimetric and luminescence pH sensors is demonstrated with color changes and luminescence switching upon the addition of trifluoroacetic acid. The potentiality of these compounds for application in optoelectronics has been optically assessed.
This paper describes the effects of large massive rock-slope failures on subsequent slope stability. Three examples of large rockslope failures from the Austrian Alps and Norway demonstrate that failure increases the probability of further collapses. At Köfels, Austria, a Holocene rock-slope failure several km 3 in size filled the Ötz valley. The morphology of the deposits indicates that at least one subsequent failure occurred along the head scarp of the first failure, most likely a slide of similar size. Debris of the second landslide slid over the older deposits, forming the famous Köfels frictionite. At least three rock-slope failures, all of them in excess of 10 6 m 3 , occurred from the same mountainside within the last 6000-8000 years at Tafjord in western Norway. The most recent of these failures in 1934, triggered a destructive tsunami. Five large failures with volumes z50,000m 3 occurred at Ramnefjell, Norway within 50 years; two of them caused considerable damage and a large number of death due to the formation of destructive tsunamis. Two-dimensional finite element models of rock-slope stability before and after the Köfels and Tafjord landslides show that massive rock-slope failures produce: (a) irregular slopes, parts of which are as steep or steeper than the slope before failure and which represent new zones of instability; and (b) zones of weakness related to slow slope deformation and related cracking.
A new class of highly soluble and stable compounds (1-4) has been synthesized and characterized. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 have 3,6-disubstituted carbazole as electron-donor-linked through the 2,7-positions of N-substituted carbazole with variably substituted phenyl acetylenes as electron acceptors. Compound 4 has two identical donors linked through the 2,7-position of N-substituted carbazole. These compounds absorb from UV to visible region and emit intensely from blue to green. The effect on the photophysical properties of these compounds by changing acceptors while keeping the donor and linker constant has been studied. A study of solvent effects on their photophysical properties has shown that an increase in polarity of the solvent causes a reduction of fluorescence quantum yields. With a decrease in temperature, these compounds showed increased emission intensity accompanied by a red shift of emission. Edge excitation red shift showed as much as 128 nm for compound 2 in isopropanol. Solid-state fluorescence quantum yields vary from 0.27 to 0.68 for these compounds. The fluorescence lifetimes of these compounds are solvent dependent. Compound 2 showed remarkable change in emission with concentration. Compounds 2 and 3 form highly stable fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) in tetrahydrofuran/water mixtures. The general and specific solvent effect on the emission properties of these compounds are investigated by Lipert-Mataga plots. The potentiality of these compounds for use in dye-sensitized solar cells and in organic light-emitting diodes is under study in our laboratories.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.