This paper presents a twelve-port ultra-wideband multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)/diversity antenna integrated with GSM and Bluetooth bands. The twelve-port antenna is constructed by arranging four elements in the horizontal plane and eight elements in the vertical plane. The antenna element, which is created using a simple rectangular monopole, exhibits a frequency range of 3.1 to 12 GHz. The additional Bluetooth and GSM bands are achieved by introducing stubs into the ground plane. The size of the MIMO antenna is 100 × 100 mm2. The antenna offers polarization diversity, with vertical and horizontal polarization in each plane. The diversity antenna has a bandwidth of 1.7–1.9 GHz, 2.35–2.55 GHz, and 3–12 GHz, the radiation efficiency of 90%, and peak gain of 2.19 dBi. The proposed antenna offers an envelope correlation coefficient of < 0.12, apparent diversity gain of > 9.9 dB, effective diversity gain of > 8.9 dB, mean effective gain of < 1 dB, and channel capacity loss of < 0.35 bits/s/Hz. Also, the MIMO antenna is tested for housing effects in order to determine its suitability for automotive applications.
A quad-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with ultra-wideband (UWB) performance is presented in this paper. The MIMO antenna consists of four orthogonally arranged microstrip line-fed hexagonal monopole radiators and a modified ground plane. In addition, E-shaped and G-shaped stubs are added to the radiator to achieve additional resonances at 1.5 GHz and 2.45 GHz. The reliability of the antenna in the automotive environment is investigated, with housing effects taken into account. The housing effects show that the antenna performs consistently even in the presence of a large metal object. The proposed MIMO antenna has potential for various automotive applications, including vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X), intelligent transport system (ITS), automatic vehicle identifier, and RFID-based electronic toll collection.
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