Although there is much interest in behavioral syndromes, very little is known about how syndromes are generated in wild populations. Here, we assess the roles of correlated selection and divergent rearing environments in generating a syndrome between foraging aggressiveness and boldness in the spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica. We first tested for and confirmed the presence of a behavioral syndrome between boldness and foraging aggressiveness in wild penultimate A. pennsylvanica (r = 0.24). Then, to assess the effects of rearing environment on the boldness-aggressiveness syndrome, we compared the behavioral tendencies of field-vs. laboratory-reared spiders over the course of their development. The presence of the boldness-aggressiveness syndrome differed based on spiders' developmental stage and rearing environment: field-reared juveniles did not exhibit a syndrome between boldness and foraging aggressiveness, but field-reared penultimates did. In contrast, laboratory-reared spiders never exhibited a behavioral syndrome, regardless of their developmental stage. Thus, the boldness-aggressiveness syndrome in A. pennsylvanica manifests only when individuals are reared in the field. Selection data from a markrecapture study failed to indicate any signature of correlated selection, despite our finding that at least one element of the syndrome (foraging aggressiveness) can respond to selection (Heritability h 2 = 0.27, from midparent breeding study). Thus, contemporary correlated selection does not appear to be a major driver of the boldness-aggressiveness syndrome of A. pennsylvanica. Taken together, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the boldness-aggressiveness syndrome exhibited by wild A. pennsylvanica develops as a result of environmentally induced phenotypic plasticity, and not correlated selection.

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Prospective analysis aiming to identify incidence and demographics for patients experiencing vasovagal syncope in a paediatric orthopaedic outpatient setting was conducted. Incidence was calculated as 0.32%. Young males of lower‐than‐average body mass index undergoing cast removal for upper limb injuries may be most at risk.

This article discusses Greener Voices, a 3-year extension-research integration project intended to enhance the participation of children and youth in school- and community-based gardening settings and presents findings from a study of adult leaders’ perceptions about the participation of children and youth at their sites. The project included six sites in New York and Pennsylvania consisting of rural, suburban, and urban settings; children at those sites ranged in age between 3 and 18 years. Over a 2-year period, as part of the extension activity, sites were provided with consultation and written materials, a web site, and opportunities to attend a related workshop and conference. Interviews with adult leaders indicated moderate to high levels of participation at most of the sites, variation by age of participants and stage of project, the usefulness of a ladder of children's participation in raising awareness, barriers to participation, attitudinal and behavior changes, and positive impacts on the youth. Ongoing efforts are needed to assist sites/leaders, including strategies to expand thinking about the capabilities of children and youth, help children and youth adjust to new roles, and identity ways for younger children to increase their participation.

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