A newly developed physically based distributed biosphere hydrological model with three layered energy balance snow melt module (WEB-DHM-S) has been implemented at point scale to evaluate the forest snow processes at Fraser Experiment Forest site (USA) for two snow seasons (2003-2005). Results illustrate that the model is capable of representing the sub-canopy snow depth and snow water equivalent well with average correlation coefficient of 0.9. Energy fluxes are analyzed in detail for above canopy and below canopy snow processes. It can be concluded that the radiation energy is dominant in above canopy where sensible heat flux is dominant in addition to the radiation energy in sub-canopy snow processes. Furthermore, the sensitivity runs against the interception capacity shows that the interception capacity plays a major role in canopy snow sublimation.
High-altitude exposure has been well recognized as a hypoxia exposure that significantly affects cardiovascular function. However, the pathophysiologic adaptation of cardiovascular system to high-altitude hypoxia (HAH) varies remarkably. It may depend on the exposed time and oxygen partial pressure in the altitude place. In short-term HAH, cardiovascular adaptation is mainly characterized by functional alteration, including cardiac functional adjustments, pulmonary vascular constriction, transient pulmonary hypertension, and changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF). These changes may be explained mainly by ventilatory acclimatization and variation of autonomic nervous activity. In long-term HAH, cardiovascular adaptation is mainly characterized by both functional and structural alterations. These changes include right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy, persistent pulmonary hypertension, lower CBF and reduced uteroplacental and fetal volumetric blood flows.
Models of one or several extremely simple transmission towers (pylons) are usually used foranalyzing the influence of lightning strikes on power network. Models of more complex transmission towers with transmission lines, ground wires and even lightning channel are required. In this paper, first of all, the reason why one only focuses on the magnetic field at the observation points is briefly explained. Secondly, a method used to get the time-domain results from the frequency-domain results by Antenna Design Framework Electromagnetic Satellite (ADF-EMS) software is established and its validity is proved. Thirdly, the effects of the lightning channels with different geometries are discussed. Finally, this paper comes up with a complex multi-tower system under the following fault types of lightning strikes, 1) direct lightning strikes to the edge phase wire without flashover, 2) direct lightning strikes to the edge phase wire with flashover, 3) lightning strikes to the top of the tower without flashover, and 4) lightning strikes to the top of the tower with back flashover. The magnetic field waveforms from these fault types are very important for the follow-up activity to achieve the fault type identification of lightning strikes in the observation system automatically.
The aim of melody extraction is to identify the melody from polyphonic musical files. Although researchers have made great progresses in this field, the need for more efficient methods is still not satisfied. This paper proposes an algorithm for extracting the main melody from polyphonic MIDI files based on the melody similarity computation. Experiments show that this approach is effective. We have applied this method in a hamming retrieval system. Compared with the manually labeled method, our method can identify the melody from MIDI files efficiently and automatically.
The Acknowledgements section in this Article is incomplete. "We acknowledge the World Climate Research Programme's Working Group on Coupled Modeling, which is responsible for CMIP. We thank the climate groups (listed in Table 1) for providing the model output. We would also like to thank the anonymous reviewer for the comments and suggestions that greatly improved the original manuscript.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.