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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of milk powder processing conditions (pasteurisation, homogenisation and spray-drying) on the microstructure and composition of fat globules in cow milk. In general, the process of pasteurisation results in fewer changes in the microstructure and lipid composition than do other processing methods. The phospholipid, sterol, and the fatty acid composition of the phospholipids, with the exception of the fatty acids of total lipids, underwent significant changes under different processing conditions compared with the untreated milk fat globules.The contents and distribution of the phospholipids in pasteurised milk indicated a high level of stability, but the amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin were significantly affected by homogenisation. A reduction in the cholesterol content was observed after pasteurisation and homogenisation. The results indicate that processing had a significant effect on the composition and structure of the membrane of the phospholipids in milk fat globules.

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Purpose The key to the success of multinational corporations’ (MNCs) business models is the improvement of their innovation quality. From the cross-border knowledge management perspective, this paper aims to analyze the improvement path of innovation quality of MNCs and construct the functional path of the relationships among the knowledge creation, knowledge application and innovation quality of MNCs in the cross-border knowledge management process, so as to achieve the success of their business models. Based on this, this paper introduces cultural distance to further analyze how such relationships will change with the cultural distance level. Design/methodology/approach Using data from Chinese A-share listed MNCs with production operations located in the Asia-Pacific region from 2014 to 2018, this paper constructs a panel data model to test the mediating effect of knowledge application and the moderating effect of cultural distance on such relationships. Findings This paper obtains the following research findings: knowledge creation and knowledge application each have a significant, inverted U-shaped relationship with innovation quality; knowledge creation has a significantly positive correlation with knowledge application and knowledge application has a partial mediating effect on the relationship between knowledge creation and innovation quality; cultural distance has a moderating effect on such relationships. The specific moderating direction depends on the extent of the knowledge creation and knowledge application. Practical implications The findings are helpful to MNCs’ managers, providing guidance and serve as a reference for them to make strategic decisions on cross-board knowledge management and business models innovation. Originality/value The theoretical contributions are summarized as follows: First, it further enriches and expands the theoretical of knowledge management and innovation quality relationship. Second, it further enriches and expands the theoretical framework of knowledge management. Third, it further enriches the theoretical framework of cross-cultural management.