RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.
This manuscript describes the clinical and pathological findings associated with a unilateral horn core carcinoma in a 12-year-old, Nellore cow. Initially the cow presented a small growth within the right horn with consequent hanging of the affected horn and progressive increase in size of the mass, ultimately resulting in a large space occupying tumorous growth. Clinical laboratory evaluations revealed non-regenerative anemia; while bacteriological analyses yielded cultures of Pseudomonnas spp. and Arcanobacterium spp. Histopathology revealed the mass to be consisted predominantly of a well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma with areas of neoplastic glandular epithelium. The anatomic location of the tumor associated with the histopathological findings is consistent with horn core carcinoma of cattle. ResumoEste manuscrito descreve os achados clínicos e patológicos associados com um carcinoma da base do chifre de uma vaca da raça Nelore de 12 anos de idade. Inicialmente a vaca apresentou uma pequena massa dentro do seio do corno direito com aumento progressivo no tamanho, que se evidenciou após a fratura do mesmo, que permaneceu pendurado por um pequeno fragmento de pele. Essa lesão resultou em uma enorme massa exuberante. Os exames laboratoriais revelaram anemia arregerenativa; as análises bacteriológicas produziram culturas de Pseudomonnas spp. E Arcanobacterium spp. A avaliação histopatológica revelou que a massa era formada predominantemente pelo carcinoma das células escamosas bem-diferenciado com áreas de neoplasia do epitélio glandular. A localização anatômica do tumor associado aos achados histopatológicos é consistente com o carcinoma da base do chifre.
RESUMOA extremidade distal dos equinos é frequentemente afetada por processos sépticos de difícil tratamento. A perfusão regional intravenosa de antimicrobianos é uma opção de tratamento para esses processos, pois aumenta a concentração do fármaco no local mediante pequenas doses. Entretanto, apesar de ser muito utilizada recentemente, ainda apresenta várias questões. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as possíveis complicações da técnica, com o uso da gentamicina na dose de 2,2mg/kg na veia cefálica de equinos. Utilizaram-se 15 equinos hígidos divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos de cinco animais: grupo somente com torniquete (GT), grupo que recebeu 40mL de solução fisiológica (GSF) e grupo que recebeu gentamicina na dose de 2,2mg/kg, acrescida de solução fisiológica até completar o volume de 40mL (GSG). O membro perfundido foi avaliado por termografia e ultrassonografia duplex em cores ao longo do tempo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise pelos testes de Tukey e de Dunnett, e o nível de significância adotado foi de p<0,05. Todos os grupos apresentaram escore trombótico zero, e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos quanto ao diâmetro médio da veia e da temperatura dos membros. A antibiose intravenosa regional com 2,2mg/kg de gentamicina, em dose única, não acarretou o desenvolvimento de trombose na veia cefálica.Palavras-chave: perfusão regional, artrite séptica, trombose e cavalos ABSTRACT The distal end of the horse is often affected by septic processes that are difficult to treat. The intravenous regional perfusion of antimicrobials is a treatment option for these processes, increasing the local concentration of the drug using small doses, and is currently widely used, but still presenting various issues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible complications of the
Background: Wry nose is a congenital deformity that causes respiratory obstruction and decreased oxygenation rate. Gestation in a wry nose mare may be considered a risk to the neonate since it depends on the maternal environment for development. Compromised oxygenation during pregnancy can lead to fetal distress and cause consequences on fetal development. However, depending on the degree of the impairment, the fetus may still be able to adapt. The aim of the present study was to report the gestation in a mare with facial deviation until term and to assess blood gases in the mare and neonate, and to evaluate the histomorphometry of the placenta. Case: A Criollo breed mare presenting facial deviation (Wry Nose) was donated to Equine Medicine Research Group (ClinEq) of the Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel) due to the presence of the physical deformity. When the mare was five years old, it was inseminated and had a pregnancy confirmed. At the fifth month of gestation, evaluation of fetal aorta diameter, fetal orbital diameter and combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) started to be performed monthly to assess gestation health. The assessment of the fetal orbit and aorta diameter revealed a linear increase of both variables with the progress of gestation indicating a normal fetal development. CTUP remained in the normal reference range, presenting no alterations during the gestational length. The mare foaled at 324 days of gestation a coat showing no congenital deformities. The foaling was monitored until the complete passage of fetal membranes. A complete clinical and hematological evaluation of the foal was carried out after birth. The foal showed normal adaptive behavior, clinical and hematological parameters during the first hours of life, although presenting physical signs of immaturity. Venous blood samples were collected from the mare at 315 days of gestation, immediately after foaling and 24 h post-partum for lactate and blood gas analysis. Mild changes were observed in the mare's blood gas analysis at foaling that were compensated within 24 h post-partum. Venous blood samples were collected from the umbilical cord and from the foal after birth, at 12 and 24 h post-partum to measure blood gases and lactate. The newborn foal presented respiratory acidosis immediately after birth, which was metabolically compensated at 24 h post-partum. Both mare's and foal's lactate evaluation were within the normal reference ranges. After expulsion of the placenta, samples from the gravid horn, uterine body and non-gravid horn were collected for histological and histomorphometric evaluation. In the histological evaluation, avillous areas were detected in the gravid horn and uterine body and mild hypoplasia was found in the uterine body. Placental histomorphometry revealed larger total microcotiledonary and capillary areas on the non-gravid horn when compared to the remaining areas of the placenta (gravid horn and uterine body). No abnormalities on the placental vasculature were detected. Discussion: To date,...
Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adipose tissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps around an intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim of the present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum by a pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to a Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates, normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all four quadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpation revealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thickness was found increased. Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, an exploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found. Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the small intestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasia was performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed the strangulation of the final portion of the jejunum and all the extension of the ileum caused by a mesenteric pedunculated lipoma.Discussion: Increased mesenteric fat can predispose horses to the development of mesenteric lipomas. Although there is no scientific evidence of the association of mesenteric lipoma and obesity, it has been observed that pedunculated lipomas are more common in horses with metabolic alterations, for example, Criollo breed, that is potentially predisposed to develop metabolic disturbances. Elderly horses are at the highest risk of colic by mesenteric lipoma, as well as geldings, however, others authors describe that females are more commonly affected. Horses considered of short stature are more predisposed when compared to jumping or race horses. Pedunculated lipoma occurs in 18% of all cases of treated colic and is found more frequently in the small intestine when compared to the smaller colon. In most cases, surgery is indicated and resection of the pedicle and the affected segment may be necessary, however, in this case, the extensive area of intestinal necrosis and the impossibility of externalization of the affected segment lead the decision to proceed with euthanasia. In conclusion, the mare of the present study had an advanced age and a high body condition score, which the authors’ believe were two predisposing factors that increased the risk of it developing a mesenteric lipoma. Considering that, further epidemiologic studies should be conducted to better understand this relation.
Potros da raça Crioula com conformação hígida dos membros, mas com assimetria médio-lateral da cápsula do casco, em função do desequilíbrio estático e dinâmico nos primeiros meses de vida, poderão manifestar desvio compensatório associado a falange proximal. Portanto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo determinar a presença de desvio compensatório falangeano proximal e sua associação com balanço capsular do casco em potros da raça Crioula sob criação extensiva. Foram avaliados 67 potros da raça Crioula, com idades entre um e onze meses, de ambos os sexos, de quatro propriedades localizadas na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. As medidas laterais e mediais dos talões do membro torácico esquerdo foram registradas utilizando fita métrica e as superfícies lateral e medial da falange proximal foram mensuradas através de imagens radiográficas na projeção dorso-palmar da região metacarpo-falangeana, sendo consideradas as diferenças entre as faces lateral e medial falangeanas e dos talões do estojo córneo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva e teste de correlação de Spearman. Não houve efeito do gênero (macho ou fêmea) nas variáveis estudadas (P>0,05). Houve diferença da mensuração linear longitudinal das faces medial e lateral da falange proximal nos potros da raça Crioula criados em sistema extensivo, caracterizando discreto desenvolvimento assimétrico longitudinal. Apesar das diferenças entre as faces da falange proximal (0,4 cm) e entre talões (0,3 cm), essas variações não foram associadas entre si (P= 0,604), não caracterizando a presença de desvio compensatório falangeano. Portanto, o desequilíbrio estático e dinâmico nos primeiros meses de vida, em potros hígidos da raça Crioula, com assimetria médio-lateral natural da cápsula do casco inferior a 0,5 cm não foi associado ao desvio compensatório na falange proximal.
Background: Temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) is a progressive disease that causes acute onset of peripheral vestibular signs with or without facial paralysis. Ankylosis of temporhyoid joint occurs which predispose to fractures of the involved bones and consequently causes the commonly neurological signs observed. Clinical signs vary depending on the stage of the disease and the nerves affected. Surgical treatment is advised to improve survival rates in which the ceratohyoidectomy is currently known as the most advantageous. The aim of the present study is to report a case and outcome of a ceratohyoidectomy procedure in a Criollo mare presenting THO of the right temporohyoid joint.Case: A 17-year-old Criollo mare was referred to the Equine clinical hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas with a 5-day history of facial paralysis on the right side, head tilt and difficulty to chew and swallow. Auricular, palpebral and labial ptosis along with deviation of the lip and nostril to the left were observed. A corneal ulcer was also identified in the right eye. Complementary imaging exams (endoscopy of the guttural pouches and radiography of the head) were performed and showed thickening of the right stylohyoid bone confirming a diagnosis of THO. Anti-inflammatory and antibiotic therapy were administered and the corneal ulcer was treated with topical antibiotics and autologous serum. Due to rapid deterioration of clinical signs, the mare was referred to surgery. A ceratohyoidectomty procedure was performed under general anesthesia. In this procedure, the ceratohyoid bone was disarticulated from the ceratohyoid-basihyoid joint and removed. During the procedure, a branch of the linguofacial vein was accidentally incised causing hemorrhage, the branch was identified and successfully ligated. Recovery was uneventful. Supportive treatment with anti-inflammatory and antibiotics was continued after surgery and two sessions of electro-acupuncture was also performed to improve the nerve paralysis. The electro-acupuncture was discontinued due to mare’s negative behavior on needle insertion in the face. The treatment of the ulcer was changed since no improvement was observed in the first days. Twenty-eight days after hospitalization, the mare was discharged with the ulcer healed and significant improvement of neurological signs. A complete recovery occurred within three months.Discussion: The Criollo mare was referred to the hospital presenting mild neurological signs consistent with vestibular alteration and facial nerve paralysis. The THO diagnosis was confirmed using complementary imaging exams in which the endoscopy of the guttural pouch is considered the most common when computed tomography, a more sensitive one, is not available. Unilateral ceratohyoidectomy was performed as a surgical choice of treatment since it has a higher survival rate and lower recurrence rate in comparison to medical treatment and to stylohyoidectomy. As the main intraoperative complication, a vessel was accidentally incised, however this is described to occur in some cases. Despite that, the procedure was successfully performed and the mare had a complete recovery of the neurological signs and corneal ulcer. In conclusion, this report showed that it is important to have a complete diagnosis of these diseases and a consistent treatment plan to improve patient’s survival and quality of life.Keywords: neurologic disease, peripheral vestibular signs, facial paralysis, ceratohyoid bone, ceratohyoidectomy.
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