African swine fever (ASF) is the cause of a recent pandemic that is posing a threat to much of the world swine production. The etiological agent, ASF virus (ASFV), infects domestic and wild swine, producing a variety of clinical presentations depending on the virus strain and the genetic background of the pigs infected. No commercial vaccine is currently available, although recombinant live attenuated vaccine candidates have been shown to be efficacious. In addition to determining efficacy, it is paramount to evaluate the safety profile of a live attenuated vaccine. The presence of residual virulence and the possibility of reversion to virulence are two of the concerns that must be evaluated in the development of live attenuated vaccines. Here we evaluate the safety profile of an efficacious live attenuated vaccine candidate, ASFV-G-ΔI177L. Results from safety studies showed that ASFV-G-ΔI177L remains genetically stable and phenotypically attenuated during a five-passage reversion to virulence study in domestic swine. In addition, large-scale experiments to detect virus shedding and transmission confirmed that even under varying conditions, ASFV-G-ΔI177L is a safe live attenuated vaccine.

In this work, using the compact density matrix approach, we study the linear and nonlinear magneto-optical properties of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) via an investigation of the absorption coefficients (MOACs) and refractive index changes (RICs). The results are presented as functions of photon energy and external magnetic field. Our results show that the MOACs and the RICs appear as a series of peaks in the inter-band transitions between Landau levels, while the intra-band transitions result in only one peak. Because of the strong spin-orbit coupling, the peaks caused by the spin-up and -down states are different. With the increase in the magnetic field, both MOACs and RICs give a blue-shift and reduce in their amplitudes. These results suggest a potential application of monolayer MoS2 in the optoelectronic technology, magneto-optical, valleytronic, and spintronic devices.

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van der Waals heterostructures can be effectively used to enhance the electronic and optical properties and extend the application range of two-dimensional materials.

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