Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a huge number of sensors, which are distributed in area monitoring to collect important signals. WSNs are widely used in several applications such as home automation, environment, and healthcare monitoring. However, most of these applications face various difficulties due to sensor design. Therefore, the major challenge of designing WSNs is saving the energy consumed during communication and extending the network lifetime. Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) methods have been exploited for saving network energy. However, the majority of researches focus on the Cluster Head (CH) selection. In this paper, we aim to enhance the process of forwarder selection using an efficient combined multicriteria model. The proposed scheme improved the intercluster communication by controlling the distance separating CHs from the sink node. To minimize the cluster density, this work consists of activating only sensor nodes that detect enough strong signals. The activation phase presents a fault-tolerant technique to succeed in the communication process. Moreover, the proposed work is aimed at selecting the most efficient hops, which are responsible for routing data to the sink using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods. Simulation results proved that our new protocol maximized the residual energy by 15% and 25% and the network lifetime by 35% and 47% compared to the Distributed Clustering Protocol using Voting and Priority (DCPVP) and Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH), respectively.
<span>A wireless sensor network (WSN) composed by a large number of sensor nodes that are insufficient in terms of processing power, storage and energy. The principal tasks of nodes is gathering and transmitting data collected to the base station (BS). Consequently the major essential criteria for designing a WSN are the network lifetime. In this paper an efficient GAF routing protocol for gathered data is introduced. It proposes an energy-efficient routing in WSN based on the basic version. In this system sensor nodes are distributed using Gaussian law and an active leader is elected for each virtual grid to reduce the energy dissipated using an optimized weighted sum model where maximum remaining energy and minimum distance criteria are considered. Moreover routing data is based on transmission range for enhancing the energy efficiency during data routing. The experimental results shows that the proposed EE-GAF produces better performance than the existing GAF basic and optimized-GAF routing protocol in terms of number of dead node and energy consumption. It is obviously proves that the proposed EE-GAF can improve the network lifetime</span>
Over the course of the last decade, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) research community has received a significant amount of attention. Emergency response operations, such as those that follow a natural disaster, are one of the civil applications that could benefit from the use of UAVs in disaster and crisis management. In the event of a catastrophic event, it would be extremely beneficial for both victims and first responders to have access to a UAV network that is capable of deploying independently and offering communication services. However, when working with complicated situations, one of the most difficult things is coming up with exploratory paths for the networks involved. A crisis and disaster management system using a swarm optimization algorithm (SOA) is proposed to assist in disaster and crisis management. In this system, the UAV search and rescue team follows the strategy called the delay tolerant network, which has the ability to explore. The proposed approach is able to find the global maximum in the search space without ever settling for a suboptimal solution. This work has two primary objectives: the first is to investigate a potential disaster zone, and the second is to direct the UAV to a number of victim groups that were found during the investigation phase. For the purpose of performing a characterization, performance metrics such as delay, throughput, performance rate, and path loss have been analyzed. The results show the superiority of the performance over the existing work.
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