Limiting the consumption of nonrenewable resources and minimizing waste production and associated gas emissions are the main priority of the construction sector to achieve a sustainable future. This study investigates the sustainability performance of newly developed binders known as alkali-activated binders (AABs). These AABs work satisfactorily in creating and enhancing the concept of greenhouse construction in accordance with sustainability standards. These novel binders are founded on the notion of utilizing ashes from mining and quarrying wastes as raw materials for hazardous and radioactive waste treatment. The life cycle assessment, which depicts material life from the extraction of raw materials through the destruction stage of the structure, is one of the most essential sustainability factors. A recent use for AAB has been created, such as the use of hybrid cement, which is made by combining AAB with ordinary Portland cement (OPC). These binders are a successful answer to a green building alternative if the techniques used to make them do not have an unacceptable negative impact on the environment, human health, or resource depletion. The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) software was employed for choosing the optimal materials’ alternative depending on the available criteria. The results revealed that AAB concrete provided a more ecologically friendly alternative than OPC concrete, higher strength for comparable water/binder ratio, and better performance in terms of embodied energy, resistance to freeze–thaw cycles, high temperature resistance, and mass loss due to acid attack and abrasion.
This paper provides an approximate analysis of quadrilateral slabs having various cases of aspect ratios and boundary conditions based on actual two-way action. Nine slabs with different boundary conditions, each having 11 aspect ratios were analyzed using SAP2000 software, thereafter, robustly validated against mathematical solutions. In this article, the hydrostatic point phenomenon was established as a reference point for identifying the slabs with actual two-way action and as a growth reference for other cases. This allows for the use of growth models for the hydrostatic and deviatoric moment tensors. The innovative selection of the extreme positive point moment facilitates the introduction of materials nonlinearity into the design. The plate shorter dimension was used for moment normalization in both directions to preserve the directional influence of the dimensions and to isolate the hydrostatic phenomenon. Through starting at a point of hydrostatic phenomenon occurrence and via fixing one of the plate’s dimensions and extending the other (for any boundary conditions), the extreme point’s Mohr circle develops from the hydrostatic point phenomenon as a growth in the hydrostatic component and drastic growth in the deviatoric component. Subsequently, the largest principal moment develops a higher magnitude as the aspect ratio increases. Furthermore, the non-identical boundary conditions on two perpendicular directions result in a deviation of the two-way action.
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