Two cultured populations of Steinernema surkhetense are described from India. Morphologically and morphometrically this material agrees with other species of the Carpocapsae-group (presence of short juveniles), especially with S. surkhetense. The morphology was somewhat similar to the original description with the distinguishing feature being the presence of anal swelling in second-generation female specimens but absent in the original specimens. The morphometric measurements were in close proximity to those in the original specimens and the PCA analysis of important morphometric characters demonstrated some variability within the test populations. Molecular studies based on 28S and ITS rDNA confirmed the Indian material is well conspecific Nepali populations of S. surkhetense, however, with Nepali populations, two base pair differences were observed at 376 and 713 positions only in ITS rDNA gene. We performed a molecular and biochemical characterization of the bacterial symbiont of S. surkhetense and the symbiont is closely related to Xenorhabdus stockiae, which is widespread among South Asian nematodes from the ''carpocapsae'' group. Finally, we mapped its geographical distribution using a meta-analysis of the ITS GenBank records. The distribution of S. surkhetense based on a meta-analysis of the GenBank records showed its presence in the three Asian countries-India, China, and Nepal, with maximum records from the Indian subcontinent. This species is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, thus could be tested and later used in the biocontrol of insect pests in India.
Purpose With the advent of the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, there is a need to analyse the scenario of panic buying (PB) behaviour of the customers which was evident in the first wave. This paper aims to examine the PB scenario as well as the moderating effect of past buying experience (PBE) on PB in the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on the theories of stimulus–organism–response model and the competitive arousal model. Based on these theories, this paper investigates how panic situation created by external stimuli such as perceived scarcity (PS), perceived risk (PR), news in media (NM) and social learning affect the perceived arousal (PA) among people which in turn influence the PB behaviour of customers. Data were collected from 253 customers from different parts of India. Structural equation modelling is used to analyse the moderating effect of PBE on the PB in the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Findings The results indicate that the PS, PR and NM continue to be strong predictors of a buyer for PA. However, the PB is not reinforced by the moderation effect of PBE. Research limitations/implications This paper investigates the consumers’ PB behaviours in the wake of third wave of COVID-19 pandemic which add to the existing literature of COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, this study also examines how previous buying experience can moderate the PB behaviour of the customers in subsequent phases of COVID-19 pandemic. This supports the potential effectiveness of self-regulation as an intervention strategy for reducing PB behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. Practical implications This study emphasises the impact of external stimuli like PS, PR and media coverage on PB behaviour, marketers and policymakers should manage to avoid triggers. Although PBE may not moderate PB during a pandemic, it can play a significant role in future buying behaviour. Anticipating potential triggers and designing effective marketing strategies that cater to customers' needs can help manage PB behaviour during disasters or pandemics. In addition, promoting conscious consumption awareness and self-regulation practices among customers can help manage PB behaviour, benefit the environment and society and make customers more responsible buyers. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study examines the PB behaviour of customers during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic for the first time. This study also investigates the moderating effect of PBE on the PB behaviour of customers during a pandemic which is new and significant that extends the literature on PB behaviour during a pandemic.
Chocolates and snacks are a humongous market all around the world. Mondelez International, the producer of Cadbury is a major player in this industry which perceives the Malaysian and Indian market differently. This study aims to examine the consumer perception on the usage of Cadbury products in Malaysia and India. The study would examine the association, usage, buying behavior and customer satisfaction in the two countries and identify similarities and differences among them. This study involves both primary and secondary data collected through various sources such as consumers from the two countries and publications. These findings provide a comparative insight about consumer perceptions about the products which help in understanding the two markets and marketing activities in detail.
This study aims to examine the key factors that drive the success of Fraser & Neave (F&N). The data collection was by referring to the company's official website and other related websites. Identified key success factors are innovation, consumer's health and safety, creating value for society, talent management, and sustainable sourcing. These empirical findings provide new insights for the management of F&N about the antecedents of governing talent development. This study also provides a breakdown of F&N's strategic pillars and factors affecting those strategies, which can be utilized by management for future decision making to achieve their goals.
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