Direct quoting is a distinctive and essential phenomenon in the media. Albeit, how it materializes varies according to the medium in which it occurs. In television and radio, the statements drawn from interviews are embedded as sound bites into a media item, whereas in print publications selected quotes-to-be are rendered as quotations. The Internet has allowed for the transgression of this traditional dichotomy, since written items can be published there without concrete printing-and mixed and blended with audio and audiovisual items without traditional broadcasting. With the emergence of Internet 2.0 and, mainly, social media, the concept of quoting has further evolved. With social media platforms, it is easy to share links to media items published all over the web. Posting links can be considered a (new) kind of quoting in itself because a) some links quote extracts from source text, and b) following the link results in a full quotation of the source text in a new browser window-which then must be processed in the context of the text containing the link. Furthermore, these links are often accompanied by extensions such as comments on and quotes from the linked text. Based on these different dimensions of intertextuality, we define quote and related key terms in the next section of this chapter. In Section 3, we outline the main scholarly perspectives on quoting. Taking clues from journalism, in Section 4, we present the current state of the research explaining the structure of quotes (4.1), the functions of quotes (4.2), and the process of quoting (4.3). In Section 5, we focus on critical issues involved in the investigation of quotes and quoting, and in Section 6, we outline future directions of research by foregrounding the phenomenon of socio-quoting. We conclude by briefly characterising quotes and quoting overall in Section 7. 2 DEFINITIONS The term media is seen by many scholars as a generic term used to identify the technical means (such as print, radio, television, or the Internet) by which semiotic entities are communicated to others (see Ehrensperger, Perrin & Zampa, this volume, Chapter IV.4). In light of this characterization, the concept of intertextuality becomes fundamental: In journalistic media, and especially in modern days, the role of intertextuality is emphasized, since such media tell us as much about what someone has said has happened as about what has actually happened (Bell 1991: 52-53; Nylund 2009: 7). In this chapter, we focus on a distinctive type of intertextuality called direct quotes (hereafter referred to simply as quotes), which includes both written quotes and (spoken) sound bite quotes. Quotes are generally easily identifiable by their formal markings. The most unequivocal way to identify a quote in a media environment is in the written media where quotes are distinguished from the surrounding

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This paper explores a particular aspect of journalistic quoting, monologisation. During monologisation, the interactive turn exchange between the journalist and the interviewee is simplified for the article, which is mainly conducted by obscuring the role of the journalist in the original spoken discourse. As a result, the quotations appear to be unprompted, continuous utterances by the interviewee, which in turn has seminal consequences for the interpretation of the quotation. This paper will demonstrate that monologisation is an effective means for journalists to steer the reading of the article and to include their own points of view without breaking the professional rule that journalism must separate facts from opinions. The results of this study are based on a comparison between two types of empirical data; recordings of journalistic interviews on the one hand, and published articles on the other. This study will focus on one particular type of journalistic interview that has been largely neglected in prior research along with its specific quoting practices: The interviews were conducted by the journalists in order to collect raw material for written journalistic items, published either in print or electronic form. This paper will show that interviews of this type involve highly diverse and mutually adaptive interaction, contrary to the clearly structured question-answer interviews that are used as sound bites in television news items and have thus far remained the primary focus of research on both journalistic interviews and quoting processes. The notion of monologisation could be applied in various domains where an interview is converted into a written account, such as research interviewing and police interrogations.

Text production research tends to analyse corpora of text products as its data. However, for the aim of investigating especially text production processes, such an approach falls short; a written text does its best to hide any traces of its genesis. This article argues for a holistic approach in text production research by presenting five methodological guidelines for future research: 1) what/how-research questions need to be followed by why-questions, and such research frameworks require 2) several methods to be applied in order to 3) encompass both product and process perspectives, 4) reveal material, mental and social activities, and 5) move from micro-level activities towards macro-level contexts. The holistic approach is empirically illustrated by drawing on a study on journalistic quoting (Haapanen 2017a).