Horizontal proper motions were measured with local correlation tracking (LCT) techniques in active region NOAA 11158 on 2011 February 15 at a time when a major (X2.2) solar flare occurred. The measurements are based on continuum images and magnetograms of the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The observed shear flows along the polarity inversion line were rather weak (a few 100 m s −1 ). The counter-streaming region shifted toward the north after the flare. A small circular area with flow speeds of up to 1.2 km s −1 appeared after the flare near a region of rapid penumbral decay. The LCT signal in this region was provided by small-scale photospheric brigthenings, which were associated with fast traveling moving magnetic features. Umbral strengthening and rapid penumbral decay was observed after the flare. Both phenomena were closely tied to kernels of white-light flare emission. The white-light flare only lasted for about 15 min and peaked 4 min earlier than the X-ray flux. In comparison to other major flares, the X2.2 flare in active region NOAA 11158 only produced diminutive photospheric signatures.

Cloned human X chromosome-specific DNA segments, derived from a recombinant phage library enriched for the human X and previously localized to different regions of the X, were used as probes in Southern blots to confirm the nature of a deletion of the long arm of the X chromosome as del(X)(q13) in a patient with some features of Turner's syndrome and suspected from cytologic studies to have a 46,XXq- karyotype. Two dimensional scanning densitometry of autoradiograms of the Southern blots was used to quantitate hybridization of the 32P-labeled probes, reinforcing visual analysis and permitting distinction between sequences present at one or two copies per diploid genome. Once thus characterized, DNA from the patient's cells was used in quantitatively analyzed Southern blots to refine the location of an additional DNA segment, previously mapped to somewhere in the proximal part of the long arm of the X chromosome, to the juxtacentromeric region of Xq, which has been hypothesized to be critical for X-inactivation. Cloned DNA probes such as that localized to the juxtacentromeric region of Xq should be useful for evaluating this hypothesis.

High-resolution derivative melting was used to obtain detailed distributions of local (G + C) contents in a number of ruminant DNAs. Profiles over low (G + C) regions [20-36% (G + C)] are congruent for all ruminants. This region represents 45-50% of the nuclear DNA content and primarily contains intergenic and intron sequences. The high (G + C) region, where most coding sequences are found [38-68% (G + C)], is marked by satellite bands denoting the presence of transcriptionally inert, tandemly repetitive sequence families. These bands can be analyzed for the abundance, base composition, and sequence divergence of satellite families with relatively high precision. Band patterns are unique to each species; even closely related species can be readily distinguished by their base distribution profiles. Variations in nuclear DNA contents in ruminants, determined by flow cytometry, are primarily due to variations in abundances of these repetitive sequence families. Thus, A. alces (moose) is found to have 8.85 +/- 0.2 pg DNA/cell, 25% more than the average in ruminants, while the base distribution curve indicates the presence of an unusually abundant satellite of 52.6% (G + C). The size (1 kb) and sequence of this satellite corresponds to satellite-I of other cervids, and in consequence it is designated Alces-I. The sequence of a cloned repeat of Alces-I has a length of 968 bp, a (G + C) content of 52.6%, and contributes 35%, or almost 3 million copies to the nuclear DNA, exceeding by approximately 300% the average array size of this repeat family in related cervids. In situ hybridization indicates the repeat is distributed throughout centromeric regions of all 62 acrocentric autosomes. Alces-I has much greater-than-expected numbers of GG, GA, and AG and far fewer numbers of TA and CG duplets, characteristics of all tandem repeats. The sequence is judged to be orthologous with satellite-I sequences from Rangifer tarandus (caribou), Capreolus capreolus (roe deer), Muntiacus muntjac (Chinese muntjac) and Muntiacus reevesi (Indian muntjac), as well as Antilocapra americana (pronghorn), and the bovids Bos taurus and Ovis aries. A tentative tree for the five cervids is in excellent agreement with one proposed on the basis of morphological characteristics. Differences from a consensus sequence indicate transversions exceed transitions by almost twofold, suggesting that substitutions occur randomly, or nearly so.

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