No abstract

In order to examine the nature of body image distortions, we studied their perceptual and idealised components using a video distortion technique to create photographs of dancers, anorexics and controls that made their bodies look larger. Each subject was then asked to adjust the photograph until it reflected her estimated and desired body size. The results show that: 1) all three groups perceived themselves to be heavier than they actually are, but the dancers had a more realistic perception of their body weight; 2) the dancers would have liked to be thinner, whereas the controls and anorexics were satisfied with their body weight; 3) the scores of the anorexic subjects were characterised by a lack of correlation between their perceptual and idealised distortions, whereas those of the dancers--and even more so those of the controls--were characterised by consistency between the two types of distortion.

Linguistic Intergroup Bias" (LIB) (Maass, Castelli, & Arcuri, 2000) was investigated in French elementary schools between children of the French majority group (White children of European heritage) and a French minority group (Black children from Sub-Saharan Africa). Participants (N = 360; 7-11 year-olds; mean age =10.36, SD =.85) were shown photographs presenting a target character (ingroup or outgroup) engaging in a positive behavior (e.g., a helping action) or a negative behavior (e.g., an aggressive action). Demonstrations of ingroup favoritism with no outgroup derogation were expected for White children from the majority group. These hypotheses were confirmed. Unexpectedly, the same pattern of results was found for the minority group: ingroup favoritism and no outgroup derogation. Theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.

L'objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence les représentations professionnelles de l'hygiène auprès des infirmières et aides-soignantes. Le dispositif suit et affine la méthode des Schèmes Cognitifs de Base. Il repose sur une tâche d'associations verbales et des entretiens d'explication. L'analyse montre que la valence de l'élément propreté est significativement plus élevée que celle des autres éléments, et ce chez les deux groupes de participants. Une analyse des mots associés fait apparaître que pour les aides-soignantes l'hygiène renvoie essentiellement à des actes d'hygiène corporelle personnelle, mais également à deux ensembles de synonymes « sans traces » et « sans microbes ». Chez les infirmières elle renvoie à des actes de soins. La discussion porte sur l'intérêt d'une telle méthode pour l'étude des représentations professionnelles et dans le cadre de la lutte contre les infections nosocomiales.