Objective: This study examines cohort differences in attitudes toward women's roles within marriage in Japan. Background: Japan has undergone dramatic sociocultural shifts in the 20th century that have shaped childhood experiences differently by cohort. Sociodemographic perspectives predict cohort effects, which suggest the lasting impact of experiences during the formative years on attitudes. Method: This study employs a hierarchical age-period-cohort analysis and uses repeated cross-sectional data from the 2000 to 2012 Japanese General Social Survey (N = 31,912), a nationwide probability survey. Results: Among cohorts born before 1960, for both sexes, attitudes toward wife's employment and a gender-based division of labor were significantly less traditional for later born cohorts. However, younger cohorts born in 1960 and after were not significantly different in their attitudes from the cohort born in the 1950s.
Conclusion:This study suggests the strong impact of ideological shifts and mothers' homemaking role (experienced in one's formative years) on gender role attitudes. It points to the important and lasting influence of structural contexts on attitudes and hence cohort effects. Implications: This study contributes to our understanding of attitudinal change (and stagnation) toward gender roles and has policy implications for Japan and other countries characterized by low marriage and fertility rates.
This study offers an analysis of how healthy and risky behaviors are discussed on an emerging social media platform. We sought to understand what behaviors are communicated and if they are encouraged or discouraged. We completed a content analysis of messages (n = 3,776) posted to Yik Yak captured three times a day on 4 days of the week across two separate weeks. We analyzed messages to determine the category of the behavior, an appraisal of the behavior, and normative voting feedback. Our results show that risky behaviors were discussed with greater frequency and received more user votes than healthy behaviors. Exposure to these messages could influence other students' perceptions of norms associated with these risky behaviors. We suggest further research to determine how Yik Yak may affect normative perceptions on college campuses.
Interventions based on problem-solving principles have been found to be effective therapies for a variety of clinical disorders and across various age groups. Informal caregivers of patients with cancer, including spouses, partners, family members, and friends, provide essential support and care throughout the cancer experience. Because these caregivers potentially experience significant emotional difficulties, these therapeutic approaches can serve to mitigate such negative consequences. This chapter provides a description of problem-solving therapy interventions for both cancer patients and their caregivers, as well as the underlying rationale for why such approaches are appropriate for these individuals. In addition to providing a brief summary of the relevant research, also included is an overview of specific clinical guidelines.
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