<p>One of the lesser understood research issues about antisocial onset and persistence is whether there are different patterns of risk factors within the broader identified pathways that require distinctive treatment strategies. This article hypothesizes that there are at least five distinct pathways to persistent antisocial behaviour. The pathways are premised upon the developmental perspective and suggest that the experiences of individuals and their exposure to subsequent risk factors are affected by the earliest risk factors to which the individual is exposed. From a policy perspective, development of these pathways focuses on the goal of preventing antisocial onset, or to reduce the likelihood that behaviours will become progressively antisocial, while concurrently encouraging desistance. A key objective is to inform policy-makers about possible program intervention points for specific sets of risk factors, utilizing programs that have already been identified as successful, and developing new experimental programs.<strong></strong></p>
Placement in child protection services, or becoming a child in care, is associated with a disproportionate involvement in youth and adult criminal justice systems. While there is not extensive research on this relationship, there is evidence that many children in care have risk profiles consistent with criminal justice involvement. This article provides an overview of the prevalence of exposure to risk factors related to mental health, education, and antisocial behaviour among children in care, in addition to risk factors that are distinctive to those placed in child protection services. A recent large cohort dataset from British Columbia, Canada, is utilized to examine these risk profiles. Recommendations to identify those involved in child protection services most at risk for criminal justice involvement, with the use of risk management instruments such as the Cracow Instrument, are discussed. In addition, several other important policy themes regarding diagnostic and case management challenges are explored.
Dans l'article, on examine l'impact de nombreuses recherches indiquant que les psychopathes auraient des irrégularités neurobiologiques, qui se manifestent par des troubles d'apprentissage et du traitement de la peur, ainsi que des anomalies des neurotransmetteurs. Même si la présente recherche suggère que les psychopathes pourraient avoir de nombreuses irrégularités neurobiologiques, l'article porte plutôt sur les anomalies liées aux amygdales et au cortex orbitofrontal du cerveau, en plus de celles liées aux neurotransmetteurs. Ces irrégularités influeraient sur le comportement des psychopathes et contribueraient à expliquer leur tendance à adopter des comportements antisociaux. C'est pourquoi on soutient que ces facteurs devraient réduire le degré de responsabilité criminelle attribué aux actions des contrevenants psychopathes.Mots clés : psychopathie, neurobiologie, responsabilité criminelle This article examines the implications of the body of research that asserts that psychopaths have neurobiological irregularities that are manifested by learning and fear-processing deficits as well as neurotransmitter abnormalities. While this research suggests that psychopaths may have many neurobiological irregularities, the present article focuses on abnormalities related to the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex of the brain, in addition to those related to neurotransmitters. It is argued that these irregularities influence the conduct of psychopaths and help to explain their propensity to engage in antisocial behaviour. Further, it is argued that these factors should mitigate the degree of criminal responsibility that is attributed to the actions of psychopathic offenders.
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