The present study has been carried out in a completely filled gravity pipe, 61 km long, which transports reclaimed urban wastewater (RUWW), for crop irrigation in the island of Tenerife (Spain), at an average water velocity of 0.4 m/s. Due to the long residence time of the reclaimed wastewater in the pipe (40 hours), anaerobic conditions usually appear, and chemical transformation of reclaimed wastewater occurs during transportation, especially sulfide generation. Field studies have been conducted from November 1994 to January 1997. The variation in sulfide and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) among other parameters during wastewater transportation have been reported. The object of this work is to study the kinetics of the sulfide generation in a full scale reclaimed wastewater pipe, in order to obtain a forecasting equation of sulfide generation, and to compare this equation with those previously proposed for raw wastewater sewers. Equations obtained from this research differ quite from those previously proposed for sewers. This can be due to the reclaimed wastewater used in this system, which has a very much lower organic matter content than raw wastewater.
Abstract. Across two studies, we tested the relationship between the stereotype dimensions of sociability, morality, and competence and the two dimensions of humanness (human nature and human uniqueness). Study 1 considered real groups and revealed that sociability had greater power than morality in predicting human nature. For some groups, sociability also trumped competence in predicting human nature. By contrast, the attribution of human uniqueness was predicted by competence and morality. In Study 2, participants read a scenario depicting an unfamiliar group in stereotypical terms. Results showed that competence and sociability were the strongest predictors of human uniqueness and human nature, respectively. Although with nuances, both studies revealed that sociability, morality, and competence relate differently to the two dimensions of humanness.
Uncivil behavior involves an attack on social norms related to the protection of public property and respect for community life. However, at the same time, the low-frequency and relatively low-intensity damage caused by most of these behaviors could lead to incivilities being considered a typically human action. The purpose of this set of studies is to examine the automatic associations that people establish between humanness and both civic and uncivil behaviors. Across three studies, uncivil behaviors were more strongly associated with human pictures than animal pictures (study 1) and with human-related words than animal-related words (study 2). We replicated study 2 with uncivil behaviors that do not prime graphically human beings (study 3). Overall, our results showed that uncivil behaviors and civic behaviors were clearly associated with human concepts. Our findings have direct implications for the conceptualization of humanness and its denial.
During treated wastewater transport, phenomena related to the presence or absence of dissolved oxygen (DO) have been observed. In Tenerife reclaimed urban wastewater (RUWW) transport from the capital, Santa Cruz to the south of the island for agriculture reuse was studied. Anoxic conditions and H2S generation were noted during transport. As RUWW has an electrical conductivity (EC) of about 1600 μS/cm, BALTEN decided to add fresh water (FW) with low EC, saturated or over saturated in DO at an intermediate point in the pipe to reduce the conductivity of water supplied to agriculture, also thus reducing the organic load and consequently H2S generation. However, injection of DO over-saturated fresh water brought on the appearance of nitrification and later denitrification. A study was carried out of H2S generation, nitrification and denitrification during RUWW transport with and without added FW.
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