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La inmigración femenina hacia España y Portugal responde a un proceso de progresiva etnización de los servicios reproductivos más desvalorados socialmente. En España se han generado corrientes migratorias feminizadas de carácter económico, que no responden al rol tradicional de la inmigrante familiarmente reagrupada, debido a la existencia de una demanda de empleadas de hogar extranjeras, principalmente en Madrid, y fundamentalmente orientada al servicio doméstico interno. En Portugal la llegada de africanas, por lo general, atraídas en un inicio por sus esposos, ha generado, de la misma manera, una segmentación del mercado de la reproducción social. En Lisboa las extranjeras trabajan en el servicio doméstico externo o en empresas de limpieza, cohabitando en estos sectores con el empleo autóctono, pero realizando las labores más despreciadas o sometidas a mayores relaciones de dominación. La segmentación étnica del trabajo reproductivo se produce de diferente manera en Madrid y en Lisboa, pero responde a un mismo principio: la externalización de las tareas más desvaloradas socialmente, antaño realizadas en el hogar, y la creación de un «ejército de servidoras» para su realización. Palabras clave: mujer, migración, servicio doméstico, empresas de limpieza, etnización del mercado de trabajo, relaciones de dominación.

The impact of the recent global financial and economic crisis on migration to Spain has generated literature focusing mainly on demographic and labour impacts. Internationally, economic crises have also been linked to the increased vulnerability of migrants and return migration. However, this article reveals a more complex picture of how the crisis is producing new (im)mobilities between Latin America and Europe.It adopts a transnational family approach based on qualitative fieldwork with Colombian, Ecuadorean, and Brazilian migrants. The article offers an analysis of their (im) mobility strategies framed by the socio-economic impact of the crisis in Spain.Strategies include various configurations of return and remigration as well as permanence in the host country, involving the whole family or some members. They are the consequence mainly of the economic situation but are also shaped by other "crises" related to migrant status and migratory projects as well as gender, intergenerational, and emotional factors.

The aim of this article is to study the feminisation and masculinisation of migration and the insertion of the migrant population into the labour market in Spain and Portugal from the perspective of gender. Rather than focusing on the appearance of the demand for migrant labour in social reproduction work, we analyse the situation of both men and women in highly feminised and masculinised activities by studying the impact each exerts on the other, and the way in which this conditions the gender breakdown of the migrant population. We provide a historical view of the work of migrants in the care and cleaning sectors, comparing it with male migrant employment*mostly in construction*and analysing the gendered breakdown of migrant communities. We argue that, in contrast to the generally accepted discourse on the international scene, there has not been a steady evolution in the feminisation of migrant labour in Spain and Portugal. Instead, the presence of migrant women on the labour market fluctuates in accordance with a specific set of variables: welfare state and care regimes, immigration policies, historical links influencing the national origin of migrants, the housing situation, labour markets and the respective economic situations in the construction industry and in domestic and care work.

This research work, as well as the English editing of the text, was funded by the following research projects: "Gender, Transnationalism and inter-generational strategies of social mobility" (FEM2011-26110; Oso, dir. 2011) and "Gender Crossed Mobilities and Transnational Dynamics" (FEM2015-67164-R, Oso, dir. 2015), financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. It was also partly funded by the Xunta de

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