Enceladus is a potential target for future astrobiological missions. NASA’s Cassini spacecraft demonstrated that the Saturnian moon harbors a salty ocean beneath its icy crust and the existence and analysis of the plume suggest water–rock reactions, consistent with the possible presence of hydrothermal vents. Particularly, the plume analysis revealed the presence of molecular hydrogen, which may be used as an energy source by microorganisms ( e.g., methanogens). This could support the possibility that populations of methanogens could establish in such environments if they exist on Enceladus. We took a macroscale approximation using ecological niche modeling to evaluate whether conditions suitable for methanogenic archaea on Earth are expected in Enceladus. In addition, we employed a new approach for computing the biomass using the Monod growth model. The response curves for the environmental variables performed well statistically, indicating that simple correlative models may be used to approximate large-scale distributions of these genera on Earth. We found that the potential hydrothermal conditions on Enceladus fit within the macroscale conditions identified as suitable for methanogens on Earth, and estimated a concentration of 1010–1011 cells/cm3.
Methanol is an ubiquitous complex organic molecule (COM) in the interstellar medium, thought to be a precursor of larger COMs when it is submitted to different energetic processes, that can trigger chemical reactions in solid and gas phases. Using laboratory experiments, we report the characterization of the evolution of photo-products generated by the UV irradiation of methanol ice at different UV doses and temperatures (20 and 80 K). We used gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) recovered during the warming of the photo-processed methanol ice. We identified 21 molecules (with up to 5 carbon atoms, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ester and ethers) and followed their abundance as a function of the UV fluence and ice temperatures. With increasing UV fluence, an increase in the production of heavier COMs is observed, while species with 1 or 2 carbon atoms are depleted or do not increase. Species within a same chemical family show the same pattern of evolution, with heavier molecules present in smaller quantities. Ketones and esters are the chemical families that lead to more complex molecules and start forming at the earliest stages of irradiation. Their formation pathways are driven by radical recombinations with CO as the main building blocks. Aldehydes are formed before their alcohol counterparts, implying they do not form through alcohol deshydrogenation, but via radical recombination around HCO. Ethers seem to be the precursors of a large set of COMs, and alcohols present a steady profile throughout irradiation.
Enceladus is an icy world with potentially habitable conditions, as suggested by the coincident presence of a subsurface ocean, an active energy source due to water-rock interactions, and the basic chemical ingredients necessary for terrestrial life. Among all ocean worlds in our Solar System, Enceladus is the only active body that provides direct access to its ocean through the ongoing expulsion of subsurface material from erupting plumes. Here we present the Enceladus Touchdown aNalyzing Astrobiology (ETNA) mission, a concept designed during the 2019 Caltech Space Challenge. ETNA’s goals are to determine whether Enceladus provides habitable conditions and what (pre-) biotic signatures characterize Enceladus. ETNA would sample and analyze expelled plume materials at the South Polar Terrain (SPT) during plume fly-throughs and landed operations. An orbiter includes an ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, an optical camera, and radio science and a landed laboratory includes an ion microscope and mass spectrometer suite, temperature sensors, and an optical camera, plus three seismic geophones deployed during landing. The nominal mission timeline is 2 years in the Saturnian system and ∼1 year in Enceladus orbit with landed operations. The detailed exploration of Enceladus’ plumes and SPT would achieve broad and transformational Solar System science related to the building of habitable worlds and the presence of life elsewhere. The nature of such a mission is particularly timely and relevant given the recently released Origins, Worlds, and Life: A Decadal Strategy for Planetary Science and Astrobiology 2023–2032, which includes a priority recommendation for the dedicated exploration of Enceladus and its habitable potential.
The accretion of the Galilean icy moons within the Jovian circumplanetary disk (hereafter CPD) and the subsequent overturn of their cores led to their differentiation and the disposal of the hydrospheres at the top of the denser rocky mantles. In the most extreme cases, when the accretional energy is high enough to sublimate the icy material, volatiles are expected to settle in a liquid–vapor equilibrium between the ocean and the atmosphere. Here, we present an equilibrium model that investigates the effect of the variation of the initial oceanic compositions on the thermodynamic equilibrium between primordial oceans and their coexisting atmospheres. This model will be applied to ultimately derive links between the current compositions of Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto’s surfaces and those of their primordial hydrospheres.Given a starting concentration of volatiles in a primordial ocean and the expected temperature of the system, our model outputs the equilibrium composition of the species involved in the vapor and liquid phase, and the atmospheric pressure with the contribution of each species (partial pressure). Using different initial concentrations, we can compare the impact of the initial ratio among the volatiles, in their final distribution in the hydrospheres. Furthermore, the model evaluates the clathrate formation, which is expected depending on the concentration of species such CO2 and CH4, and the high pressure (HP) ices formation.The liquid–Vapor equilibrium is reached when the fugacities of both phases are equal. This translates into the following expression:where Φi is the fugacity coefficient of component i, yiisthe molar fraction of i in the vapor phase, P is the pressure, γi is the activity coefficient of i, xi is the molar fraction of i in the liquid phase and fi0 is the reference state.Fugacity coefficients (Φi) are obtained using the approximation from Peng–Robinson equation of state [1]:Where a is the attraction parameter of the mixture, b is the covolume parameter of the mixture and bk of component k, P is the pressure, T the temperature, R the gas constant and Z the compressibility factor. Activity coefficients (γi) are obtained using the ex-tended UNIQUAC–Debye–Huckel model [2], and the reference state is approximated to the saturation pressure in the case of water and to Henry’s constant for the solutes (Eq. 3): Some of the dissolved species can self–dissociate in the liquid phase and change the contribution of other species to the final thermodynamic state [3]. Therefore, we model the ocean as an electrolytic solution taking into account the acid/base equilibrium and the subsequent formation of new ions.The highlights of the model include:• An extended list of molecules based on cometarycomposition and CPD origin for the starting composition, such CO, CO2, CH4, NH3, H2O, CH3OH, H2S, HCN, SO2, H2O2, Kr, Ar, Xe.• A precise estimate of clathrates formation conditionsand composition via the use of a thermodynamic statistical model [4,5]. This model provides a description of clathrates properties including structure, density and determination of whether they would sink or float and form a crust.• Description of the thermodynamic properties of HP ices that might form at the base of the ocean, usingthe SeaFreeze EOS package [6].References[1] Peng, D.-Y., and Robinson, D. B., “A new two-constantequation of state,”Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fun-damentals, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1976, pp. 59–64.[2] Sander, B., Rasmussen, P., and Fredenslund, A., “Calculationof vapour-liquid equilibria in nitric acid-water-nitrate saltsystems using an extended UNIQUAC equation,”Chemicalengineering science, Vol. 41, No. 5, 1986, pp. 1185–1195.[3] Marounina, N., Grasset, O., Tobie, G., and Carpy, S., “Roleof the global water ocean on the evolution of Titan’s primitiveatmosphere,”Icarus, Vol. 310, 2018, pp. 127–139.[4] Bouquet, A., Mousis, O., Glein, C. R., Danger, G., and Waite,J. H., “The role of clathrate formation in Europa’s oceancomposition,”The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, No. 1,2019, p. 14.[5] Mousis, O., Lakhlifi, A., Picaud, S., Pasek, M., and Chas-sefiere, E., “On the abundances of noble and biologicallyrelevant gases in Lake Vostok, Antarctica,”Astrobiology,Vol. 13, No. 4, 2013, pp. 380–390.[6] Journaux, B., Brown, J. M., Pakhomova, A., Collings, I. E.,Petitgirard, S., Espinoza, P., Boffa Ballaran, T., Vance, S. D.,Ott, J., Cova, F., et al., “Holistic approach for studyingplanetary hydrospheres: Gibbs representation of ices thermo-dynamics, elasticity, and the water phase diagram to 2,300MPa,”Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, Vol. 125,No. 1, 2020, p. e2019JE006176 
<div> <p><strong>I. Introduction</strong></p> <p>Ices throughout the ISM are exposed to different energetic processes that trigger several reactions and change the com- position of the ice [1&#8211;3]. Particularly, ices in stars&#8211;forming regions can be subjected to the ultraviolet radiation that comes from the new born stars and triggers reactions in the ice. These ices are normally composed of H<sub>2</sub>O, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, NH<sub>3</sub> , methanol (CH<sub>3</sub>OH), and traces of other molecules. Irradiation&#8211;induced reactions in these ices are a source of complex organic molecules (COM) that might later feed the building blocks of planets or other bodies that are being formed. Methanol is one of the main constituents of interstel- lar ices, where its abundance can go up to 30% (with respect to water) [1, 3, 4]. With this in mind, we irradiated pure methanol ice deposited at 20 and 80 K, with UV radiation during different periods of time to evaluate the effect of fluence and temperature in the abundance of volatile COMs that formed.</p> <p><strong>II. Methods</strong></p> <p>All experiments were carried out in the VAHIIA set-up [5]. Briefly, the system consist of an ultrahigh vacuum chamber connected to a GC&#8211;MS through a pre&#8211;condensation loop. The latter consist of a stainless steel loop that is immersed in liquid nitrogen for the recovery of the volatile COMs coming from the vacuum chamber. This is connected to a custom&#8211;made group of valves that allows to recover volatile COMs for their injection in the GS&#8211;MS for identification. Species recovered were identified by comparing the chromatographic peak and mass spectra with the standard database, whose retention time and mass spectrum were obtained in the system under the same conditions as the experiments.</p> <p>Pure methanol was deposited in a copper plated surface attached to the tip of the cryostat in the chamber at 20 K. Six periods of time were used: 15 and 30 min, 1, 3, 8 and 24 h, for evaluating different UV fluence. Each experiment consists of five layers of 0.2 mbar of pure methanol ice each, one on top of the other. Each of these layers is irradiated during the period of time under evaluation, with a UV flux of &#8764;1e13 photons s<sup>&#8722;1</sup> cm<sup>&#8722;2</sup>, using a flowing H<sub>2</sub> microwave&#8211;discharge lamp. Layers have been verified to be opaque to the UV photons, ensuring the layer(s) underneath the one being irradiated are not affected further. Once five layers are irradiated, under the same conditions, the chamber is warmed up to &#8764; 300 K and volatiles are recovered with the injection of Argon for transferring the sample to the pre&#8211;condensation loop. Each experiment consist of 5 layers having received the same irradiation dose to obtain a larger quantity of products, and facilitate their detection and identification with the GC-MS. In addition, experiments were carried out at 80 K to evaluate the effect of the temperature on the abundance of volatiles formed. In this case we evaluated 30 min, 1 h and 24 h of irradiation.</p> </div> <div> <p><strong>III. Effect of fluence</strong></p> <p>23 molecules were identified after UV&#8211;irradiation of methanol ice. Figure 1 shows the absolute area under the total ion content curve of the molecules identified, as a function of the irradiation time. This quantity is a function of the abundance of the compound and is hereafter referred to as integrated TIC. Within functional groups, the same pattern is seen for molecules with different numbers of carbons. Aldehydes are the main functional group that forms. With the exception of formaldehyde, all of them have a similar increase up to 8h of irradiation and then even though the integrated TIC increases, the slope is smaller. Alcohols have a low yield and have a steady integrated TIC. Ethers are produced rapidly and reach high integrated TIC during the first 3-8 h but then, their formation is lower than its usage for the formation of more complex molecules and its integrated TIC drops. Dimethyl Ether (DME) has the highest integrated TIC throughout all experiments. Ketones are the main products with 4 and 5 carbons, and maintain a constant increase with the time of irradiation. Esters and ketones are the only two functional groups identified with up to 5 carbons in the chain. With the exception of methyl formate, esters have a similar pattern. During the first 3 h of irradiation the integrated TIC increases rapidly but between 3-8 h there is a recession. After, the increase is the highest.</p> <div> <p>At 8 h of irradiation several molecules display an inflection point. Aldehydes&#8217;s rate of production decreases (the integrated TIC is lower than expected), while the integrated TIC of esters and ketones is higher. Special cases are formaldehyde, DME and dimetoxymethane, who fall under the detection threshold after 24 h of irradiation tends to zero, which indicates they are the main reactants to form the more complex molecules.</p> <p><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64, 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