Background: Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes have been associated to repair DNA lesions, and might contribute to the individual susceptibility to develop different types of cancer. Nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER), and double-strand break repair (DSBR) are the main DNA repair pathways. We investigated the relationship between polymorphisms in two NER genes, XPC (poly (AT) insertion/deletion: PAT-/+) and XPD (Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln), the BER gene XRCC1 (Arg399Gln), and the DSBR gene XRCC3 (Thr241Met) and the risk of developing lung cancer.
Early childhood caries (ECC) continues to be the biggest oral health problem in developing countries. Several studiesreport ECC prevalence in children aged 3 years from 40% to 65.7% and in children 5 and 6 years of age up to86%. There are multiple risk factors associated with ECC, such as: cariogenic diet, poor oral hygiene, low salivaryflow, low parental socioeconomic status, low parental education, etc. But there is also a “mode of delivery” factorthat is not being considered and could be important and determinant for the occurrence of ECC.Objective: To determine if there is an association between the mode of delivery and the presence of ECC in childrenaged 2 to 5 years of the Maternal and Child Health Center Pachacutec PERU-KOREA, DIRESA CALLAO2016.Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and prospective study was conductedwith children attending the PERU-COREA Maternal and Child Health Center (n=125) during September to Decemberof 2016. A validated questionnaire was used for socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors forECC. An intraoral clinical examination of the children was also performed.Results: The prevalence of ECC in the sample evaluated was 60%. A statistically significant association wasfound between the mode of delivery and the presence of ECC (p <0.001), as well as the covariables oral hygieneindex, frequency of carbohydrate consumption, type of lactation, bottle feeding at night and education of themother, all with a p <0.005. Conclusion: Children born by cesarean section are more at risk of ECC than childrenborn by vaginal delivery
Reduced DNA repair capacity due to inherited polymorphisms may increase the susceptibility to smoking-related cancers. In this report, we investigate the relationship between xeroderma pigmentosum complementary group C poly (AT) insertion/deletion polymorphism (XPC-PAT) of the XPC gene and lung cancer risk in a hospital-based case-control study of 359 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients and 375 control subjects matched on age, sex, and catchment area. The XPC genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP, and the results were analyzed using logistic regression, adjusting for relevant covariates. We found that the frequency of the PAT+/+ genotype was higher in the cases (20.6%) than in the controls (14.1%; P = 0.057) and that the PAT+/+ subjects were at significantly increased risk for lung cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.60; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-2.55]. Stratified analysis revealed that the risk was higher in former smokers (OR, 2.15; 95% CI, 1.07-4.31) and older people (OR, 2.76; 95% CI, 1.02-7.51), although this probably occurs due to 63.4% of cases older than 73 years being ex-smokers. When stratified by histologic type, the variant genotype was associated with statistically significant increased risk for squamous cell carcinoma (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.06-3.51). In conclusion, our findings support the hypothesis that PAT and intron 11 C/A XPC polymorphisms are linked in the Spanish population and may contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer probably due to a higher frequency of deletion of exon 12 and reduced DNA repair capacity of the XPC protein.
Background Melatonin is an endogenous substance which plays a key role in sleep induction by reducing sleep onset latency; it has been approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a food supplement for exogenous administration. Oniria ® is a food supplement formulated as 1.98 mg of prolonged-release melatonin tablets; it displays a dual dissolution profile in vitro. Objectives The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the relative oral bioavailability of Oniria ® , in comparison with immediate-release tablets (IRT) with a similar melatonin content as a reference. We also attempted to characterize the circadian rhythm of endogenous melatonin. MethodsWe performed an open-label, cross-over, randomized, phase I clinical study with two sequences and three periods involving 14 healthy volunteers. We characterized the endogenous melatonin circadian profile (period 1) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of both Oniria ® and the reference melatonin (periods 2 and 3). Results Two phases were clearly differentiated in the PK profile of Oniria ® . An initial one, from dosing up to 2 h, and a delayed one from 2 to 11 h post-administration. During the initial phase, both melatonin formulations were equivalent, with a C max value close to 4000 pg/mL. However, in the delayed phase, Oniria ® showed significantly higher melatonin concentrations than the IRT (three times higher at 4-6 h post-administration). Moreover, Oniria ® exhibited concentrations above the endogenous melatonin peak of 80 pg/mL for up to 2.5 h versus the reference formulation, potentially suggesting an effect of Oniria ® , not only in the induction of sleep, but also in the maintenance. Conclusion Oniria ® could be a highly promising food supplement, not only for sleep induction but also for the maintenance of sleep.
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