Fourteen free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were successfully anesthetized for a total of 15 anesthetic events using a combination of butorphanol (mean+/-SD, 0.58+/-0.1 mg/kg), azaperone (0.37+/-0.06 mg/kg), and medetomidine (0.19+/-0.03 mg/kg) (BAM) administered by radiotelemetry darts from hunting blinds between November 2006 and May 2007. Mean time to locate deer (mean+/-SD, 17. 3+/-7 min), to recumbency (21.4+/-5 min), to initiation of data acquisition (27.5+/-8 min), total down time (37+/-6 min), and average distance run (161+/-82 m) were recorded. Physiologic monitoring was done every 5 min for a total of 20 min. Arterial blood gases were collected every 10 min. Mild to moderate hypoxemia and mildly depressed ventilation occurred in some animals. Muscle relaxation and plane of anesthesia were adequate for completion of all procedures; two deer were administered intravenous butorphanol supplementation to achieve light anesthesia (mean+/-SD, 0.19 mg/kg; 0.12 mg/kg). Recovery following intramuscular administration of naltrexone (1.34+/-0.42 mg/kg; 2x butorphanol dose) and atipamezole (0.93+/-0.14 mg/kg; 5x medetomidine dose) was rapid, smooth, and complete. Mean+/-SD recovery time was 4.5+/-1.5 min. Overall efficacy of the Pneu-Dart radiotelemetry system was 65%. Negative attributes of this protocol included long induction time and dart failure. No known mortalities occurred as a result of the study. This drug combination provided safe, reliable, short-term anesthesia of free-ranging white-tailed deer. Further evaluation for use in field procedures in other cervids is warranted.
Using mixed qualitative and quantitative methods, this study analyzes the risk and return results of Islamic banks versus their conventional counterparts in Malaysia in order to evaluate arguments that adherence to shariah based banking principles minimizes risk exposure. Using comparative data from eight Malaysian banks, our empirical investigation provides limited support to theoretical arguments that the Islamic banks minimize risk. Our results show that there is no statistically significant difference in returns and risk between Islamic and conventional banks. We interpret these results as providing support for theories of convergence between conventional finance and Islamic finance. Further, we argue that policy makers thus need to take into account conventional models of systemic and structural risk when regulating burgeoning Islamic financial markets.
Douglas Holmes traces how inflation targeting, a traditional analytical focus of central banker's regulatory interventions, was enlisted in what he terms "communicative experiments" (p. 1) on the part of central banks, based on more than a decade-long ethnographic engagement with central bankers at the Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the Sveriges Riksbank in Sweden, the Bank of England in the United Kingdom, the Federal Reserve System in the United States, and at the European Central Bank in Frankfurt. These experiments, taking the form of public statements, meeting minutes, and speeches, engendered a novel monetary regime which Holmes-adopting the terminology of Mervyn King, former governor of the Bank of England-terms "public currency" (p. 19). Holmes argues that the novelty of this monetary regime rests on the premise that "the public broadly must be recruited to collaborate with central banks in achieving the ends of monetary policy, namely, 'stable prices and confidence in the currency'" (p. 1).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.