Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine Anesthesia in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Using Radiotransmitter Darts

Siegal-Willott, Jessica L.; Citino, Scott B.; Wade, Scotty; Elder, Laura; Hayek, Lee‐Ann C.; Lance, William R.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-45.2.468

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…We immobilized newly captured female deer with an intramuscular injection of butorphanol, azaperone, and medetomidine (BAM; Wildlife Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Fort Collins, CO, USA) with a target dose of 600, 400, and 240 μg/kg, respectively, or butorphanol and medetomidine without azaperone, as part of another study, at the same target dosages as BAM. BAM is marketed for immobilization and anesthesia of cervids, including white‐tailed deer (Mich et al , Miller et al , Siegal‐Willott et al ). We also immobilized deer with intramuscular injections of Ketaset® (ketamine hydrochloride [HCl], 7 mg/kg; Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, IA, USA) and xylazine HCl (6 mg/kg; Miles Laboratories, Shawnee Mission, KS, USA), or Telazol® (tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl, 5.5 mg/kg; Zoetis, Florham Park, NJ, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of surgical sterilization for managing overabundant suburban white‐tailed deer

Boulanger

Curtis

2016

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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Based on decades of increasing deer effects on local biodiversity, agricultural damage, and deer-vehicle collisions, we implemented a suburban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) research and management program in 2007 on Cornell University lands in Tompkins County, New York, USA. We attempted to reduce deer numbers by surgically sterilizing female deer in the 445-ha suburban core campus via tubal ligation and ovariectomy. From 2007 to 2013, we sterilized 93 deer and radiocollared 67 adult females to monitor fawning. Tubal ligation and ovariectomy surgeries appeared to prevent birth in 96% and 100% of treated female deer, respectively. We implemented a camera survey, used a mark-resight model in Program NOREMARK to estimate annual deer abundance, and observed no reduction in female abundance by winter 2013. Conversely, we noted a 38% and 79% decrease of total adult females and fawns visible in sampled photographs, respectively, and an 873% increase in adult male visitation to camera traps on core campus. Surgical sterilization appeared to be ineffective for reducing the abundance of a geographically open population of white-tailed deer in the absence of lethal management. We do not recommend surgical sterilization as a stand-alone method for communities wishing to pursue mitigation of deer impacts with nonlethal approaches. Ó 2016 The Wildlife Society.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of surgical sterilization for managing overabundant suburban white‐tailed deer

Boulanger

Curtis

2016

Wildl. Soc. Bull.

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“…Moderate to severe hypoxemia has also been documented in other ruminants anesthetized with alpha-2 combinations including wood bison (Bison bison) [27], mule deer ( Odocoileus heminus ) [28,29], wapiti ( Cervus canadensis ) [29,30] and white tailed-deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ) [31]. Hypoxemia was also found in cases where alpha-2 combinations were used in combination with opioids [28,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden

et al. 2012

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BackgroundEvaluation of physiology during capture and anesthesia of free-ranging wildlife is useful for determining the effect that capture methods have on both ecological research results and animal welfare. This study evaluates capture and anesthesia of moose (Alces alces) with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden.MethodsFifteen adult moose aged 3–15 years were darted from a helicopter with a combination of 3.37 mg etorphine, 75 mg xylazine, and 15 mg acepromazine. Paired arterial blood samples were collected 15 minutes apart with the first sample at 15–23 minutes after darting and were analyzed immediately with an i-STAT®1 Portable Clinical Analyzer.ResultsAll animals developed hypoxemia (PaO2 <10 kPa) with nine animals having marked hypoxemia (PaO2 5.5-8 kPa). All moose were acidemic (ph<7.35) with nine moose having marked acidemia (pH<7.20). For PaCO2, 14 moose had mild hypercapnia (PaCO2 6-8 kPa) and two had marked hypercapnia (PaCO2>8 kPa). Pulse, respiratory rate, pH and HCO3 increased significantly over time from darting whereas lactate decreased.ConclusionsThe hypoxemia found in this study is a strong indication for investigating alternative drug doses or combinations or treatment with supplemental oxygen.

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“…Developed in 2003 as an alternative to ultrapotent opioids, a combination of butorphanol tartrate (27.3 mg/mL), azaperone tartrate (9.1 mg/ mL), and medetomidine hydrochloride (10.9 mg/mL; BAM) has been used for the immobilization of a wide range of wildlife species. These species include white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), 33,34,49 Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), 26 Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni), 60 blesbok (Damaliscus pygorgus phillipsi), 45 American beavers (Castor canadensis), 43 black bears (Ursus americanus), 61 and African lions (Panthera leo). 46 In addition, these drugs-butorphanol, an opioid agonist-antagonist with analgesic (variable), antitussive, and antiemetic properties; azaperone, a butyrophenone tranquilizer with antipsychotic, sedative, and antiemetic properties; and medetomidine, a potent α 2 adrenergic agonist sedative with analgesic, anxiolytic, and muscle-relaxant properties-are used individually in a wide variety of animal species.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reported side effects of BAM include nonlife-threatening cyanosis, hypoxemia, bradycardia, bradypnea, as well as rare, mild twitching and muscle tremors. 26,33,34,43,45,46,49,60,61 Given the immobilization success and minimal health effects reported for other species, the goal of the current study was to explore the use of BAM in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). The objectives were to 1) establish a minimal dose that achieves 45 min of chemical immobilization and maintains physiologic values according to predefined thresholds; 2) characterize dose-dependent changes in physiologic values and anesthetic depth over time; 3) assess induction and recovery quality and duration; and 4) document side effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Butorphanol–Azaperone–Medetomidine for the Immobilization of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Malinowski

Cameron

Burnside

et al. 2019

j am assoc lab anim sci

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Maximizing animal wellbeing by minimizing drug-related side effects is a key consideration when choosing pharmaceutical agents for chemical restraint in nonhuman primates. One drug combination that may promote this ideology is butorphanol (27.3 mg/mL), azaperone (9.1 mg/mL), and medetomidine (10.9 mg/mL; BAM). Based on results from a pilot study, 2 doses of BAM (16 and 24 µL/kg IM) were compared in healthy, 3-y-old rhesus macaques. Physiologic parameters and anesthetic quality were assessed and recorded every 5 min. Experimental endpoints were established for hypoxemia (85% or less peripheral oxygen saturation with oxygen supplementation), pulse rate (80 bpm or less for 2 consecutive readings), mean arterial pressure (MAP; 50 mm Hg or less), and hypothermia (97 °F or less); if any endpoint was achieved, medetomidine was reversed by using atipamezole (0.22 mg/kg IM). Both BAM doses resulted in immobilization of all animals with no clinically significant differences between groups. All animals initially exhibited hypoxemia that resolved with oxygen supplementation. Regardless of dose, most macaques (71%) reached established experimental endpoints for bradycardia (62 to 80 bpm) or hypotension (44 to 50 mm Hg MAP). Given the results of this study, our recommendation regarding the use of 16-or 24-µL/kg BAM for immobilizing rhesus macaques is dependent on caution regarding cardiopulmonary parameters and the provision of supplemental oxygen.

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Butorphanol, Azaperone, and Medetomidine Anesthesia in Free-Ranging White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) Using Radiotransmitter Darts

Cited by 31 publications

References 18 publications

Efficacy of surgical sterilization for managing overabundant suburban white‐tailed deer

Efficacy of surgical sterilization for managing overabundant suburban white‐tailed deer

Physiological evaluation of free-ranging moose (Alces alces) immobilized with etorphine-xylazine-acepromazine in Northern Sweden

Butorphanol–Azaperone–Medetomidine for the Immobilization of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)

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