Eggs are of considerable importance in feeding the population, as they are a relatively inexpensive and complex food source of very high biological value. The daily animal protein requirement for the human body can be covered with eggs in the cheapest way and with the lowest environmental impact. As animal welfare, as well as environmental and health awareness issues, become increasingly prominent in developed countries, consumer demand for eggs has also changed significantly in recent years, with an increasing number of consumers buying eggs produced in non-cage housing systems. In recent years, cage housing has been more frequently debated in EU member states. An initiative was launched in 2018 to end cage housing technologies and the sale of eggs produced in this way. However, in addition to animal welfare, a number of other factors need to be considered in relation to sustainable production. For this reason, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive overview of the sustainability issues of various housing technologies, as well as quality factors affecting consumer health and egg consumption based on the relevant international references and databases. Although there is a growing demand for products produced in non-cage housing systems due to the increasing relevance of environmental protection, health awareness and animal welfare issues in Western societies, research has shown that non-caged production is not the best solution for environmentally, socially and economically sustainable egg production.

SummaryThe length of broiler production cycle is also an important factor when profitability is measured.

A series of amphiphilic polyisobutylene-block-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PIB-b-PVA) copolymers of constant PIB and varying PVA block length was synthesized by living carbocationic polymerization and their solution behavior was studied. The synthesis involved the preparation of polyisobutylene-b-poly(tert.-butyl vinyl ether) followed by hydrolysis with hydrogen bromide. The copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, 1 H-NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS methods. The micellization behavior of the copolymers was investigated in aqueous media by direct dissolution and dialysis using static and dynamic light scattering. The critical micelle concentration, micelle size, aggregation number, and micelle shape were determined. The ability of the aggregates as drug carrying nanodevices was also investigated by doping them with indomethacin. UV-Vis measurements showed that the solubility of indomethacine increased significantly. Our findings suggest that the solubility is largely dependent upon the block segment ratios.

View related articles View Crossmark data SHORT COMMUNICATION Effects of modern technology on broiler chicken performance and economic indicatorsa Hungarian case study L aszl o Sz} oll} osi , Evelin B eres and Istv an Sz} ucs Gazd alkod astudom anyi Int ezet, Gazdas agtudom anyi Kar,

The self-assembly behavior of polyethoxylate-based multicomponent nonionic surfactants was studied. Using the dynamic light scattering method, thermodynamical parameters such as the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB), as well as the micelle size and micelle size distribution, were determined. The number average molecular weight and number average HLB of the samples were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS and 1H NMR techniques, and the data were evaluated. A connection was found between the HLB and the ln(cmc) value of the samples which can be described by a simple equation. Using this equation and plotting ln(cmc) versus the average number of ethylene oxide units, lines were obtained at different temperatures, and their slope allowed the calculation of the contribution of a single ethylene oxide unit to the Gibbs free energy of micellization.

This paper reviewed principally accepted methods applied to investment analysis. To describe every aspect of investment analysis fully would require far more space than available here, so we highlight only of few of its aspects. This study collects several well-known bibliographies, contrasts them with each other and provides explanations for having done so. There are many questions about which authors and companies agree, including about how to apply certain methods, but on others there is disagreement. Four dynamic methods (Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Profitability Index, and Discounted Payback Period) are demonstrated from the viewpoint of application. Moreover, this study clarifies several sensitive questions, such as handling income taxes, inflation and uncertainty. Other examined issues are only mentioned at the end of this paper, and we will publish on these more thoroughly at a later date.

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