Purworejo is the endemic area of malaria with the highest case increase occurring in 2015 amounted to 1411 cases. Appropriate control can be performed effectively based on vector bionomics. The aims of study were to determine species, behavior, resistance, and control methods of malaria vectors. Methods were larva andmosquitoes collection, breeding place of mosquitoes surveys, resistance of mosquito and evaluation of the effectiveness of vector control. The research was conducted in Sendangsari Village, Bener District, Purworejo Regency The result of the research showed that An. barbirostris sucked blood indoor, outdoor, and cage. An. balabacensis sucked blood indoor and cage. An. maculatus, An. aconitus, An. kochi, An. Indifinitus, and An. fagus were found to suck blood in the cage. An. maculatus showed resistance to insecticide permetrin 0,75% Indoor Residual spraying (IRS) and the use of insecticide treated bed nets were the vector control perfomed in the area of study. The breeding place of mosquito were in hole around unused fields and pond. Based on bioassay test, the effectiveness of IRS application for one months were not effectively kill An. maculatus while the use of mosquito nets for three months were still effectively kill An. maculatus.
Forests are ecosystems that can support the existence of malaria vectors. The discovery of vector species in the forest environment will increase malaria transmission in the forest and its surroundings. The provinces of South Sumatra, Central Java, Central Sulawesi, and Papua are some of the provinces in Indonesia that still have forest ecosystems. The aim of the study was to know the diversity of Anopheles species and risk of malaria transmission in forest ecosystems in the provinces of South Sumatra, Central Java, Central Sulawesi, and Papua The sampling of mosquitoes was carried out by using the method of human landing collection, animal bited trap, around cattle collection, resting morning and light trap. Larva surveys are carried out in mosquito breeding place. Detection of plasmodium was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) while blood feed analysis was carried out with a blood feed test using the Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Malaria vector species found in forest ecosystems in Central Java are Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles balabacensis, and Anopheles subpictus. Malaria vector species in the forest ecosystem in South Sumatra are Anopheles nigerimus and Anopheles maculatus. Anopheles malaria vectors in forest environments in Central Sulawesi are Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles ludlowae, and Anopheles vagus. Anopheles malaria vectors in forest ecosystems in Papua are Anopheles farauti, Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, and Anopheles brancofti. Forest presence is at risk of malaria transmission in the provinces of Central Java, South Sumatra, South Sulawesi and Papua Abstrak Hutan merupakan ekosistem yang dapat mendukung keberadaan vektor malaria. Ditemukannya spesies vektor di lingkungan hutan akan meningkatkan penularan malaria di hutan dan sekitarnya. Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Papua merupakan beberapa Provinsi di Indonesia yang masih memiliki ekosistem hutan. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui keanekaragaman spesies Anopheles dan risiko penularan malaria pada ekosistem hutan di Provinsi Sumatera Selatan, Jawa Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, dan Papua. Pengambilan sampel nyamuk dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode human landing collection, animal bited trap, around cattle collection, resting morning dan light trap. Deteksi plasmodium dilakukan dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) sedangan analisa pakan darah dilakukan dengan uji pakan darah metode Enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Survei jentik dilakukan di tempat-tempat perkembangbiakan nyamuk. Spesies vektor malaria yang ditemukan di ekosistem hutan di Jawa Tengah adalah Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles balabacensis, dan Anopheles subpictus. Spesies vektor malaria di ekosistem hutan di Sumatera Selatan adalah Anopheles nigerimus dan An. maculatus. Anopheles vektor malaria di lingkungan hutan di Sulawesi Tengah adalah Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles ludlowae dan An. vagus. Anopheles vektor malaria pada ekosistem hutan di Papua adalah Anopheles farauti, Anopheles koliensis, Anopheles punctulatus, dan Anopheles brancofti. Keberadaan hutan berisiko terjadinya penularan malaria di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Sumatera Selatan, Sulawesi Selatan, dan Papua.
Central Sulawesi is one of the malaria-endemic areas in Indonesia. Anopheles nigerrimus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles parangensis, Anopheles flavirostris and Anopheles minimus were confirmed as malaria vectors. Researchers believed that there might have a distinctly different distribution and diversity of the vectors in different ecosystems. The purpose of the current study was to investigate and analyze the distribution and diversity of suspected malaria vectors (Anopheles spp.) in various ecosystems. Adult mosquitoes were collected using some methods e.g. human man landing method, animal baited trap, mosquito caught around the cage, using sweep net and the light trap. The sporozoites of Plasmodium infecting the caught mosquitoes were identified and examined using PCR. In addition, a survey on potential breeding sites of the mosquitoes. Based on the survey results, the mosquitoes species caught in the non-forest ecosystems near the settlements and positively infected by Plasmodium were An. ludlowae, An. flavirostris, and An. vagus. Meanwhile, the malaria vectors caught in the non-forest ecosystems far from the settlements were An. maculatus and An. subpictus. The results also demonstrated that An. barbirostris was detected as a malaria vector in the coastal area near the settlement. The ponds, rivers and fish farms were potential breeding sites for the mosquitoes. The suspected malaria vectors (Anopheles spp) spread throughout ecosystems e.g. forests, non-forests and coasts. The high risk of ecosystems for malaria transmission was the non-forest ecosystems near the settlements, the non-forest far away from the settlements, and the coasts near the settlements.
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