Both the idea and technology for connecting sensors and actuators to a network to remotely monitor and control physical systems have been known for many years and developed accordingly. However, a little more than a decade ago the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was coined and used to integrate such approaches into a common framework. Technology has been constantly evolving and so has the concept of the Internet of Things, incorporating new terminology appropriate to technological advances and different application domains. This paper presents the changes that the IoT has undertaken since its conception and research on how technological advances have shaped it and fostered the arising of derived names suitable to specific domains. A two-step literature review through major publishers and indexing databases was conducted; first by searching for proposals on the Internet of Things concept and analyzing them to find similarities, differences, and technological features that allow us to create a timeline showing its development; in the second step the most mentioned names given to the IoT for specific domains, as well as closely related concepts were identified and briefly analyzed. The study confirms the claim that a consensus on the IoT definition has not yet been reached, as enabling technology keeps evolving and new application domains are being proposed. However, recent changes have been relatively moderated, and its variations on application domains are clearly differentiated, with data and data technologies playing an important role in the IoT landscape.
a b s t r a c tThis paper presents a genetic algorithm for an important production scheduling problem. Since the problem is NP-hard, we focus on suboptimal scheduling solutions for the hybrid flowshop with unrelated machines, sequence-dependent setup time, availability constraints, and limited buffers. The production environment of a television assembly line for inserting electronic components is considered. The proposed genetic algorithm is a modified and extended version of the algorithm for a problem without limited buffers. It takes into account additional limited buffer constraints and uses a new crossover operator and stopping criteria. Experimental results carried out on real production settings show an improvement in scheduling when the proposed algorithm is used.
The purpose of the present study was to synthetize 80 nm diameter TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) on Ti6Al4V alloy using a commercially superoxidized water (SOW) enriched with fluoride to reduce anodization time and promote the antibacterial efficacy againstStaphylococcus aureus(S. aureus). The alloy discs were anodized for 5 min and as a result, NTs of approximately 80 nm diameters were obtained with similar morphology as reported in previous studies using longer anodization times (1-2 h). Filed emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to characterize the materials surfaces. The NTs showed significantly decreasedS. aureusviability after 1, 3, and 5 days of culture in comparison to nonanodized alloy. Likewise, SEM analysis also suggested lower bacterial adhesion on the NTs surface. No differences in bacterial morphology and topography were observed on both materials, as analyzed by SEM and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In conclusion, 80 nm diameter NTs were grown on Ti6Al4V alloy in 5 min by using a SOW solution enriched with fluoride, which resulted in a material with promoted antibacterial efficacy againstS. aureusfor up to 5 days of in vitro culture when compared to nonanodized alloy.
Tessellation methods are a relatively new approach for modeling the structure of a material. In this paper, such structures are interpreted as sphere packing models, where molecules and atoms represent spheres of equal or different size. Based on the review of the literature, it is shown that the tessellation approach is a powerful method for modeling and simulating such structures with desirable metric and topological properties. Two basic tessellation methods are considered more in detail: the Delaunay tessellation and the Voronoi diagram in Laguerre geometry, as well as some of their generalizations. The principal concepts of both tessellation methods are briefly explained for a better understanding of the application details. It is noted that packing models created by tessellation methods are not based on the use of the gravity camp effect, which is a difference to numerical and mathematic programming modeling approaches. Therefore, tessellation methods permit the development of structures without taking into account the gravitation, what is important for modeling the structure on the microscopic and nano levels, where the influence of the gravitation is studied insufficiently. A review of the related literature is given, focusing on the details of the tessellation method and the particle size distribution.
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