Recent literature suggests a growing relationship between the clustering of certain visible minority groups in urban neighbourhoods and the spatial concentration of poverty in Canadian cities, raising the spectre of ghettoization. This paper examines whether urban ghettos along the U.S. model are forming in Canadian cities, using census data for 1991 and 2001 and borrowing a neighbourhood classification system specifically designed for comparing neighbourhoods in other countries to the U.S. situation. Ecological analysis is then performed in order to compare the importance of minority concentration, neighbourhood classification and housing stock attributes in improving our understanding of the spatial patterning of low-income populations in Canadian cities in 2001. The findings suggest that ghettoization along U.S. lines is not a factor in Canadian cities and that a high degree of racial concentration is not necessarily associated with greater neighbourhood poverty. On the other hand, the concentration of apartment housing, of visible minorities in general, and of a high level of racial diversity in particular, do help in accounting for the neighbourhood patterning of low income. We suggest that these findings result as much from growing Il ressort de la littérature la plus récente qu'il existerait une association de plus en plusétroite entre la forte concentration en milieu urbain de personnes appartenantà des groupes de minorités visibles et la concentration spatiale de la pauvreté dans les villes canadiennes, phénomène qui n'est pas sans soulever le spectre de la ghettoïsation. C'est dans cette optique que ce papier examine si les ghettos urbainsà l'américaine ont vu le jour dans les villes canadiennes,à partir des données des recensements de 1991 et de 2001 età l'aide d'un système de classification des quartiers conçu spécifiquement pourétablir des comparaisons entre les quartiers de différents pays et ceux desÉtats-Unis. Une analysé ecologique est ensuite menée afin de comparer l'importance de la concentration des minorités, la classification par quartier, et les caractéristiques du parc de logements et ainsi mieux comprendre la configuration spatiale des populationsà faible revenu dans les villes canadiennes en 2001. Les résultats laissent entendre que la ghettoïsationà l'américaine n'est pas un facteurà prendre en compte en ce qui concerne les villes canadiennes, et que la tendance vers une concentration de groupes ethniques n'est pas nécessairement associée au niveau de pauvreté The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien 50, no 3 (2006) 273-297 C / Canadian Association of Geographers / L'Association canadienne des géographes 274 R. Alan Walks and Larry S. Bourne income inequality within as between each visible minority group. This increases the odds of poor visible minorities of each group ending up in the lowest-cost, least-desirable neighbourhoods from which they cannot afford to escape (including social housing in the inner suburbs). By contrast, wealthier members of minority groups are more mobi...
Frequent reference is made in the urban literature to a recent and massive restructuring of the form of contemporary cities. This paper tests five separate but related hypotheses concerning the outcomes of this process and whether they suggest the emergence of new urban forms. The analysis builds on the results reported in an earlier paper in this journal using data on the changing intraurban properties of the 27 largest urban areas in Canada. The empirical results confirm the hypotheses of a continued decentralization of population and employment and of an increasingly diverse social and ethnocultural landscape. They do not, however, support the hypotheses of higher levels of residential segregation by income nor the emergence of an elite inner city (the reverse social status gradient). A wider spatial mismatch between the distribution of jobs and labour is confirmed by journey‐to‐work data, but primarily for inner city residents. In addition, these data suggest that, despite the rapid suburbanization of employment, a distinct multi‐nucleated urban form has not as yet emerged. Les publications dans le domaine de la littérature urbaine font état fréquemment d'une restructuration massive et recente de l'organisation des villes contemporaines. Le présent article examine cinq hypothèses différentes quoique reliées—hypothèses quant à l'issue du processus de restructuration et quant à l'émergence possible de nouvelles formes. L'analyse s'appuie sur les résultats rapportés dans un article précédent publié dans cette revue et utilisant des données sur les propriétés intra‐urbaines en changement dans les 27 agglomérations urbaines les plus importantes du Canada. Les résultats empiriques confirment fes hypothèses d'une décentralisation continue de la population et de l'emploi et d'un paysage social et ethnoculturel de plus en plus divers. Cependant les résultats n'appuientpas I'hypothèse d'une plus grande ségrégation résidentielle d'après le revenu ou encore l'hypothèse de l'émergence d'un centre urbain occupé par l'élite (le gradient inverse du statut social). Les donnees du trajet au travail confirment l'existence d'un déséquilibre spatial beaucoup plus grand entre la distribution des emplois et celle de la main d'euvre, ceci principalement chez les résidents du centre. De plus ces données suggèrent qu'une forme distincte de nuclei multiple n'est pas encore apparue malgré une décentralisation rapide de l'emploi en banlieue.
The volatile social status of older neighbourhoods has been a concern of both scholars and politicians for some time. Three competing hypotheses, representing different interpretations of past trends and contrasting scenarios for the future, have dominated recent research: the impoverishment (decline), Mite (gentrified) and persistence (stability) models . This paper examines these three models with respect to changing income distributions between and within Canadian metropolitan areas and their inner cities from 1950 to 1985 . All three hypotheses are found to be wanting. It is shown that the direction of change in inner cities differs markedly among the metropolitan areas, and that while inner-city-suburban contrasts continue to grow in most cities, in a few places these contrasts are overwhelmed by internal diversity and by new clusters of suburban poverty and inner-city wealth . The emerging ecology of income and social status is much more complex and variable than any single hypothesis or research paradigm can encompass .
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.