: The Aedes aegypti is responsible for the transmission of arboviruses, which compromise public health. In the search for synthetic product alternatives, essential oils (OEs) have been highlighted by many researchers as natural insecticides. This systematic review (SR) was performed according to PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and had as it’s objective to evaluate studies addressing OEs with larvicidal properties against Ae. aegypti, through electronic database searches (Pubmed, Science Direct and Scielo), covering an overview of the plant sources OEs, which plant parts were used, the extraction methods, analytical techniques, major and/or secondary constituents with greater percentages, as well as the LC50s responsible for larval mortality. Following study analysis, plants distributed across 32 families, 90 genera and 175 species were identified. The Lamiaceae, Myrtaceae, Piperaceae, Asteraceae, Rutaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Lauraceae families obtained the highest number of species with toxic properties against larvae from this vector. Practically all plant parts were found to be used for OE extraction. Hydrodistillation and steam distillation were the main extraction methods identified, with GC-MS/GC-FID representing the main analytical techniques used to reveal their chemical composition, especially of terpene compounds. In this context, OEs are promising alternatives for the investigation of natural, ecologically correct and biodegradable insecticides with the potential to be used in Ae. aegypti control programs.
Aim: To analyze the evidence of validity and reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development, Second Edition (TGMD-2) for low-income preschoolers; and to investigate the associations between the final model with sex, age, and body mass index (BMI). Methods: 368 preschoolers (3–5 years old [M = 4.80, SD = 0.48]; 176 boys) located in deprived areas were assessed for anthropometric measures and motor competence via the TGMD-2. A two-factor model (12 skills) was used and confirmatory indexes were calculated. The Bayesian criteria and the Composite Reliability were employed to evaluate alternative models. Relationships between the final model proposed with age, sex, and BMI were calculated using a network analysis (Mplus 8.0; Rstudio). Results: A two-factor model (locomotion and object control) with adequate values (>0.30) for the six skills (gallop, leap, slide, strike, throw, and roll) presented excellent indexes. Relationships between sex and throwing (r = −.22), and strike (r = −.21), indicated better performance for boys. Positive relationships were found for age with slide (r = 0.23) and hop (r = 0.28), and for BMI with throw (r = 0.18). Conclusion: Validity of a TGMD-2 short version for low-income preschoolers was present. The machine learning analysis to associate fundamental movement skills with gender, age, and BMI seems useful to optimize future interventions.
Azadirachta indica is a plant of the family Meliaceae, originating in India, whose secondary metabolites are used for medicinal and insect purposes. The fruit fly-Drosophila melanogater is widely cited in the literature as a model for toxicity testing, especially since it presents rapid development and low maintenance cost. The aim of the present work was to carry out a phytochemical prospection of the ethanolic extract of A. indica stem bark (EECAi) and analyze its toxicity against D. melanogaster. The Colorimetric Method performed the chemical gait. The flies were submitted to different concentrations of the EECAi (5 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL), being readings of 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, with light/dark cycles of 12 hours. Mortality rates and damage to the locomotor apparatus were analyzed by negative geotaxia test. Phytochemical prospecting of EECAi indicated the presence of tannins, flavones, flavonols, flavonones, flavononols, xanthones, chalcones, aurones and leocoantocyanidins. This extract did not present significant toxicity when compared to the control. The damage to the locomotor system was more significant at concentration of 10 mg/mL and 20 mg/mL, in the 48 h readings. The results of the mortality rate showed that the EECAi showed no significant toxicity at the concentrations and the model tested, diverging from other studies suggesting a bioinsecticity of this plant. Further studies need to test compounds isolated from this plant.
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