Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, Vsmax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.

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We present a new development of digital off-axis (OA) holography for determining the instantaneous solid particle positions in a flow. This holographic imaging method uses a CCD camera for the simultaneous digital recording of two views of digital Fresnel OA holograms on the same support. The reconstruction is obtained numerically. The method provides two orthogonal views of the same flow area of interest at the same instant. It helps to overcome the depth of focus problem existing for the particle image reconstructions and that is inherent to the method. This method has the advantage of being simpler than the methods presently available, and it does not suffer from the flaws of in-line holographic configuration. Furthermore it is completely digital and thus avoids the cumbersome analysis following hologram recording. Digital holograms and digital reconstructions are obtained for solid particles of 200 mum moving into a stirred flow cell of 5 cm(3).

One of the most important properties of a laser resonator is the highly collimated or spatially coherent nature of the laser output beam. The spatial beam quality of the output beam, namely beam diameter and propagation factor M² are critical parameters in a wide range of practical laser applications. This is because the spatial beam quality determines how tightly the beam can be focused or how well the beam propagates over long distances without significant spreading. It was investigated by many authors in previous years how to define and on how to measure the laser beam quality. An ISO working Draft Committee has also been organized to set-up a standard for definitions and test methods of the laser beam quality. In this work, the quality factor is studied with different methods.

This paper proposes an approach for acoustic field imaging using simultaneous multi-view digital holography based on three-color digital off-axis holography. Considering spatio-chromatic multiplexing and the recording with a monochrome sensor, the numerical processing of time-sequences of holograms yields both the amplitude and phase of the acoustic field along three different directions of observation. Distortion analysis is presented and the acousto-optic interaction along the optical beam is discussed using a theoretical modelling. Experimental results with an emitter at 40 kHz establish the proof-of-concept of the proposed multi-view imaging for acoustic fields.

Photo-plates used in classical holography have several advantages, mainly a high resolution and the ability to overlap several holograms. Conversely, they suffer from chemical processing and delays in getting the useful signal. In contrast to film holography, digital holography offers quick and easy access to the desired information but suffers from the low resolution of the CCD sensors and their small detecting areas. This is why many holographers were limited to the in-line scheme, because of its simplicity and ability to overcome this resolution problem. But it still suffers from several problems when recording particles such as depth of focus, superposition of twin images and others. This is why, in spite of a more complex optical arrangement, we propose an appropriate off-axis scheme and a theoretical formulation that enables us to record simultaneously two holograms on the same CCD sensor from two angle views using a single reference beam. Furthermore, such a scheme, simpler than other off-axis proposals, provides spatially separate reconstruction of the two views and overcomes the above cited problems. As the aim of our development is to measure the influence of concentration of solid particles on their velocity for mixing flows, we show here examples without extended analysis.

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This paper presents a new technique for recording the two views off-axis digital holography using only two beams, each one acting as an object beam for its proper view and as a reference for the other view. This technique allows one to obtain two orthogonal views of the same volume simultaneously using only two beams. This leads one to avoid the large focusing distance inherent to off-axis digital holography and gives the real position of any object in the working volume by crossing the two view data. Furthermore, the lateral resolution should be the same as the vertical one. The proposed technique was improved experimentally using a metallic wire in an L shape and four moving particles.