Indonesians have a high intake of saturated fats, a key contributing dietary factor to elevated blood cholesterol concentrations. We investigated the cholesterol lowering efficacy of a smoothie drink with 2 grams of plant stanols as esters to lower serum total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in hypercholesterolemic Indonesian adults. The double-blind randomized placebo controlled parallel design study involved 99 subjects. Fifty subjects received control drink and dietary advice, and 49 subjects received intervention drink (Nutrive Benecol®) and dietary advice. Baseline, midline (week 2), and endline (week 4) assessments were undertaken for clinical, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. Compared to control, the smoothie drink with plant stanols reduced serum LDL-cholesterol concentration by 7.6% (p < 0.05) and 9.0% (p < 0.05) in two and four weeks, respectively. Serum total cholesterol was reduced by 5.7% (p < 0.05 compared to control) in two weeks, and no further reduction was detected after four weeks (5.6%). Compared to baseline habitual diet, LDL-cholesterol was reduced by 9.3% (p < 0.05) and 9.8% (p < 0.05) in the plant stanol ester group in two and four weeks, respectively. We conclude that consumption of smoothie drink with added plant stanol esters effectively reduces serum total and LDL-cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic Indonesian subjects already in two weeks. Trial is registered as NCT02316808.
The Nutrient and Metabolic Study of Indonesian Elderly (NUMSIE) was conducted in part to identify differences in eating patterns and in food and energy intakes between elderly people residing in urban metropolitan Jakarta (JAK) and in urban non-metropolitan Semarang (SEM) in order to investigate the prevalence of food and energy deficiencies. Data on food intake were collected from 212 JAK elderly and 238 SEM elderly aged 60 years and over using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Although most of the elderly lived with their families or extended families, a large proportion of the subjects were eating alone, especially in the SEM sample. Jakartan elderly had significantly higher intakes of most food groups, except for added sugar and cow's milk. Total food intake of JAK subjects was also significantly higher (p<0.0001) than that of SEM subjects. The ratio of plant to animal food was lower among SEM elderly due principally to their higher intake of milk. Thirty percent of both JAK and SEM elderly consumed less than the recommended amounts of cereals, followed by vegetables and fruits (10%, 47% JAK; 22%, 75% SEM, respectively). Finally, it was found that the range of daily energy intakes was higher in JAK (1251-2079 kcal) than in SEM (939-1579 kcal). This suggests that SEM elderly were more likely to be energy deficient than were JAK elderly. While the results of this study indicate that food and energy intakes may be inadequate in Indonesian elderly, especially in non-metropolitan areas, more analyses are required to ascertain the true prevalence of malnutrition in this age group using anthropometric and blood measurements.
A cross-sectional study on 222 elderly subjects was carried out at Health Centers in 10 subdistricts in south Jakarta, Indonesia. The anthropometric data (body mass index (BMI), body fat distribution), fasting blood glucose, serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides were assessed. There was a positive correlation between body fat distribution and serum lipid concentration (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides). Body fat distribution appears to be a stronger determinant of serum lipids than BMI.
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