BiOCl flowerlike microspheres exhibit a favorable cycling performance ascribed to their unique structure. The reaction mechanism of BiOCl contains two steps involving a conversion reaction of BiOCl to Bi as well as the alloying reaction of Bi to Mg3Bi2.

Coal is a typical fossil fuel and it is also a natural carbon material, therefore, converting it to functional carbon materials is an effective way to enhance the economic advantages of coal. Here, ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets were prepared from low-cost coal via a handy and green molten-salt method, which shown excellent performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The formation mechanism of ultrathin nanosheets was studied in detail. The eutectic molten salts possess low melting points and become a strong polar solvent at the calcined temperature, making the acidified-coal miscible with them in very homogeneously state. Therefore, they can play a gigantic role in in-situ pore-forming during the carbonization and induce the formation of ultrathin nanosheets due to the salt ions. Simultaneously, the ultrathin N-doped carbon nanosheets with rich defects and controllable surface area was smoothly prepared without any more complex process while revealing brilliant electrochemical performance due to rich ion diffusion pathways. It delivers reversible capacity of 727 mAh g-1 at 0.2 A g-1 after 150 cycles. Thus, the molten-salt method broadens the avenue to construct porous carbon materials with tailor-made morphologies. Equally important, this approach provides a step toward the sustainable materials design and chemical science in the future.

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