The magnitude of subsequent CVD risk varies according to cancer subtype and by the presence of CVRFs. Overall survival in survivors who develop CVD is poor, emphasizing the need for targeted prevention strategies for individuals at highest risk of developing CVD.

Objective To evaluate the risk of cancers with and without a known infectious cause in HIV-infected persons. Design Retrospective cohort study. Methods Adult HIV-infected and matched HIV-uninfected members of Kaiser Permanente followed between 1996 and 2007 for incident AIDS-defining cancers (ADC), infection-related non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADC) (anal squamous cell, vagina/vulva, Hodgkin’s lymphoma, penis, liver, HPV-related oral cavity/pharynx, stomach) and infection-unrelated NADC (all other NADC). Results We identified 20,277 HIV-infected and 202,313 HIV-uninfected persons. HIV-infected persons experienced 552 ADC, 221 infection-related NADC, and 388 infection-unrelated NADC. HIV-uninfected persons experienced 179 ADC, 284 infection-related NADC, and 3,418 infection-unrelated NADC. The rate ratio (RR) comparing HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons for ADC was 37.7 (95% CI: 31.7–44.8), with decreases in the RR over time (p<0.001). The RR for infection-related NADC was 9.2 (95% CI: 7.7–11.1), also with decreases in the RR over time (p<0.001). These results were largely influenced by anal squamous cell cancer and Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The RR for infection-unrelated NADC was 1.3 (95% CI: 1.2–1.4), with no change in the RR over time (p=0.44). Among infection-unrelated NADC, other anal, skin, other head and neck, and lung cancer rates were higher and prostate cancer rates lower in HIV-infected persons. Among all infection-unrelated NADC, the RR decreased over time only for lung cancer (p=0.007). Conclusions HIV-infected persons are at particular risk for cancers with a known infectious cause, although the higher risk has decreased in the antiretroviral therapy era. Cancers without a known infectious cause are modestly increased in HIV-infected persons.

Background Few studies have compared cancer risk between HIV-infected individuals and a demographically-similar HIV-uninfected internal comparison group, adjusting for cancer risk factors. Methods We followed 20,775 HIV-infected and 215,158 HIV-uninfected individuals enrolled in Kaiser Permanente (KP) California for incident cancer from 1996–2008. Rate ratios (RR) were obtained from Poisson models comparing HIV-infected (overall and stratified by recent CD4 count and HIV RNA) with HIV-uninfected individuals, adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, calendar period, KP region, smoking, alcohol/drug abuse, and overweight/obesity. Results We observed elevated RRs for Kaposi sarcoma (KS) (RR=199; P<0.001), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (RR=15; P<0.001), anal cancer (RR=55; P<0.001), Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (RR=19; P<0.001), melanoma (RR=1.8; P=0.001), and liver cancer (RR=1.8; P=0.013), a reduced RR for prostate cancer (RR=0.8; P=0.012), and no increased risk for oral cavity/pharynx (RR=1.4; P=0.14), lung (RR=1.2; P=0.15), or colorectal (RR=0.9; P=0.34) cancers. Lung and oral cavity/pharynx cancers were elevated for HIV-infected subjects in models adjusted only for demographics. KS, NHL, anal cancer, HL, and colorectal cancer had significant (P<0.05) trends for increasing RRs with decreasing recent CD4. The RRs for lung and oral cavity/pharynx cancer were significantly elevated with CD4 <200 cells/µL and for melanoma and liver cancer with CD4 <500 cells/µL. Only KS and NHL were associated with HIV RNA. Conclusion Immunodeficiency was positively associated with all cancers examined except prostate cancer among HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals, after adjustment for several cancer risk factors. Impact Earlier antiretroviral therapy initiation to maintain high CD4 levels might reduce the burden of cancer in this population.

Background It is unknown if a survival gap remains between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals with access to care. Methods We conducted a cohort study within Kaiser Permanente California during 1996–2011, using abridged life tables to estimate the expected years of life remaining (“life expectancy”) at age 20. Results Among 24,768 HIV-infected and 257,600 HIV-uninfected individuals, there were 2229 and 4970 deaths, with mortality rates of 1827 and 326 per 100,000 person-years, respectively. In 1996–1997, life expectancies at age 20 for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals were 19.1 and 63.4 years, respectively, corresponding with a gap of 44.3 years (95% confidence interval: 38.4 to 50.2). Life expectancy at age 20 for HIV-infected individuals increased to 47.1 years in 2008 and 53.1 years by 2011, narrowing the gap to 11.8 years (8.9–14.8 years) in 2011. In 2008–2011, life expectancies at age 20 for HIV-infected individuals ranged from a low of 45.8 years for blacks and 46.0 years for those with a history of injection drug use to a high of 52.2 years for Hispanics. HIV-infected individuals who initiated antiretroviral therapy with CD4 ≥500 cells per microliter had a life expectancy at age 20 of 54.5 years in 2008–2011, narrowing the gap relative to HIV-uninfected individuals to 7.9 years (5.1–10.6 years). For these HIV-infected individuals, the gap narrowed further in subgroups with no history of hepatitis B or C infection, smoking, drug/alcohol abuse, or any of these risk factors. Conclusions Even with early treatment and access to care, an 8-year gap in life expectancy remains for HIV-infected compared with HIV-uninfected individuals.

HIV subjects with recent or nadir CD4 ≥500 cells per microliter had similar MI rates compared with HIV subjects. Lower nadir CD4, in particular, seems to be independently associated with MIs. These results strengthen recommendations for earlier ART initiation.

The trend of clarithromycin, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolone resistance of H. pylori increased over time and the resistance to amoxicillin and tetracycline was infrequent and stable in Beijing. Clarithromycin, metronidazole, and fluoroquinolone should be used with caution for H. pylori eradication treatment.

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PURPOSE To describe the incidence, relative risk, and risk factors for chronic comorbidities in survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included 2-year survivors of AYA cancer diagnosed between age 15 and 39 years at Kaiser Permanente Southern California from 2000 to 2012. A comparison cohort without cancer was individually matched (13:1) to survivors of cancer on age, sex, and calendar year. Using electronic medical records, all participants were followed through December 31, 2014, for chronic comorbidity diagnoses. Poisson regression was used to evaluate the association between cancer survivor status and risk of developing each comorbidity. The associations between cumulative exposure to chemotherapy and radiation therapy and selected comorbidities were examined for survivors of cancer. RESULTS The cohort included 6,778 survivors of AYA cancer and 87,737 persons without a history of cancer. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) for survivors of cancer was significantly increased for nearly all comorbidities examined. IRR ranged from 1.3 (95% CI, 1.2 to 1.4) for dyslipidemia to 8.3 (95% CI, 4.6 to 14.9) for avascular necrosis. Survivors of AYA cancer had a 2- to 3-fold increased risk for cardiomyopathy, stroke, premature ovarian failure, chronic liver disease, and renal failure. Among survivors of cancer, significant associations between chemotherapy and radiation therapy exposures and late effects of cardiomyopathy, hearing loss, stroke, thyroid disorders, and diabetes were observed from the multivariable analyses. Forty percent of survivors of AYA cancer had multiple (≥ 2) comorbidities at 10 years after index date, compared with 20% of those without cancer. CONCLUSION Risk of developing comorbidities is increased in survivors of AYA cancer compared with the general population. Specific cancer treatment exposures were associated with risk of developing different comorbidities. These findings have important implications for survivorship care planning and patient education.