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Post-fire forage growth is known to be a strong attractant for large herbivores. However, fire has generally been avoided as a grazing distribution tool for fear of localized over utilization of forage resources. Our objectives were to examine whether forage utilization was affected by season of burn, determine cattle grazing preference for burned sites relative to non-burned sites, determine forb response to patch burning, and describe the relationship between end-of-season standing crop and distance from burned sites. Sixteen, 4-ha plots were burned in mid-November or mid-April and left exposed to cattle grazing for the duration of the growing season. Burn treatments were blocked within pastures to allow individual herds access to fall-burned, springburned, and non-burned sites. Standing crop estimates for grasses, forbs, and total herbage were made in September by clipping on burned sites and at 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 m distant from the plot's edge. Standing crop was also sampled in exclosures on burned and non-burned sites. Cattle showed no preference for one burn season over the other. Cattle were strongly attracted to burned sites, reducing grass standing crop 78% within burns compared to 19% outside the influence of burns. Grass standing crop decreased in a predictable manner with proximity to burned plots. Forbs increased 60% to 1,095 kg ha "' on grazed burned plots, but were unaffected by distance from burns. Patch burning can be employed as an effective, inexpensive grazing distribution tool.

Selective grazing of burned patches can be intense if animal distribution is not controlled and may compound the independent effects of fire and grazing on soil characteristics. Our objectives were to quantify the effects of patch burning and grazing on wind erosion, soil water content, and soil temperature in sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia Torr.) mixed prairie. We selected 24, 4-ha plots near Woodward, OK. Four plots were burned during autumn (mid-November) and four during spring (mid-April), and four served as nonburned controls for each of two years. Cattle were given unrestricted access (April-September) to burned patches (<2% of pastures) and utilization was about 78%. Wind erosion, soil water content, and soil temperature were measured monthly. Wind erosion varied by burn, year, and sampling height. Wind erosion was about 2 to 48 times greater on autumn-burned plots than nonburned plots during the dormant period (December-April). Growing-season (April-August) erosion was greatest during spring. Erosion of spring-burned sites was double that of nonburned sites both years. Growing-season erosion from autumn-burned sites was similar to nonburned sites except for one year with a dry April-May. Soil water content was unaffected by patch burn treatments. Soils of burned plots were 1 to 3 degrees C warmer than those of nonburned plots, based on mid-day measurements. Lower water holding and deep percolation capacity of sandy soils probably moderated effects on soil water content and soil temperature. Despite poor growing conditions following fire and heavy selective grazing of burned patches, no blowouts or drifts were observed.

Although climate models forecast warmer temperatures with a high degree of certainty, precipitation is the primary driver of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in most grasslands. Conversely, variations in temperature seldom are related to patterns of ANPP. Thus forecasting responses to warming is a challenge, and raises the question: how sensitive will grassland ANPP be to warming? We evaluated climate and multi-year ANPP data (67 years) from eight western US grasslands arrayed along mean annual temperature (MAT; ~7-14 °C) and mean annual precipitation (MAP; ~250-500 mm) gradients. We used regression and analysis of covariance to assess relationships between ANPP and temperature, as well as precipitation (annual and growing season) to evaluate temperature sensitivity of ANPP. We also related ANPP to the standardized precipitation evaporation index (SPEI), which combines precipitation and evapotranspiration to better represent moisture available for plant growth. Regression models indicated that variation in growing season temperature was negatively related to total and graminoid ANPP, but precipitation was a stronger predictor than temperature. Growing season temperature was also a significant parameter in more complex models, but again precipitation was consistently a stronger predictor of ANPP. Surprisingly, neither annual nor growing season SPEI were as strongly related to ANPP as precipitation. We conclude that forecasted warming likely will affect ANPP in these grasslands, but that predicting temperature effects from natural climatic gradients is difficult. This is because, unlike precipitation, warming effects can be positive or negative and moderated by shifts in the C3/C4 ratios of plant communities.

Precipitation-use efficiency (PUE) is a key determinant of aboveground net primary production (ANPP). We used long-term datasets to contrast ANPP and PUE estimates between northern (southeast Montana) and southern (north Texas) mixed-grass prairies. Effects of varying amounts and temporal distribution of precipitation on PUE were examined at the Montana site, using a rainout shelter and irrigation. Results show that 1) ANPP was 21% less in Montana than Texas (188 g ? m 22 vs. 237 g ? m 22); 2) plant function type (PFT) composition varied between the two study locations, with cool-season perennial grasses (CSPG) dominating in Montana (52%) and warm-season perennial grasses (WSPG) dominating in Texas (47%); 3) production dynamics varied between the two sites with 90% of ANPP completed by 1 July in Montana as compared to 31 August in Texas; 4) average PUE estimates were greater in Montana (0.56 g dry matter ? m 22 ? mm 21 of precipitation) than Texas (0.40 g ? m 22 ? mm 21); and 5) contributions to PUE estimates varied among PFT and location, with CSPG estimates being greater in Montana than Texas (52% vs. 31%) and WSPG estimates being greater in Texas than Montana (47% vs. 27%). Seasonal droughts and supplemental irrigations at the Montana site substantially altered ANPP, PFT biomass composition, and PUE. Results show PUE was responsive to PFT composition relative to amount and seasonal distribution of precipitation. Therefore, one should expect changes in ANPP and PUE to occur with shifts in precipitation patterns until PFT composition becomes adjusted to the regime. Resumen La eficiencia del uso de la precipitación (PUE) es una clave determinante de la producción primaria ae´rea neta (ANPP). Utilizamos una base de datos para contrastar estimaciones de ANPP y PUE entre (el suroeste de Montana) y el sur de los pastizales mixtos (norte de Texas). El efecto de la variación y la cantidad en la distribución temporal de la vegetación en PUE se examinaron en el sitio de Montana, utilizando un refugio para la lluvia e irrigación. Los resultados muestran que: 1) ANPP fue 21% menor en el sitio de Montana, que en el sitio de Texas (188 g ? m 22 vs. 237 g ? m 22); 2) la composición de los tipos funcionales de las plantas (PFT) varía entre las dos localidades, especies de gramíneas perenes de crecimiento de invierno (CSPG) dominaron en el sitio de Montana (52%) y gramíneas perenes de crecimiento de verano (WSPG) dominaron en el sitio de Texas (47%); 3) La dinámica de la producción varía entre los dos sitios con 90% de ANPP concluido para el 1 de Julio en Montana, comparado al 31 de Agosto en Texas; 4) el promedio de la estimación de PUE fue mayor en Montana (0.56 g de materia seca ? m 22 ? mm 21 de precipitación) que en Texas (0.40 g ? m 22 ? mm 21); y 5) las contribuciones a las estimaciones de PUE varían entre PFT y la del sitio, con una estimación CSPG mayor en Montana que en Texas (52% vs. 31%) y la estimación WSPG mayor en Texas que en Montana (47% vs. 27%). Las sequias estacional y la irrigación suplementaria en el sitio...

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placed on clipping, using it only for calibration and validation within trials. Nondestructive standing crop estimators are important for efficientThe canopy analyzer (CA) (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) monitoring of native and agronomic systems. This study evaluated is a fast, nondestructive instrument that indirectly estiplot and pasture estimates of standing crop using LAI-2000, visual mates leaf area index (LAI; Welles and Norman, 1991). obstruction, canopy height, and weighted plate measurements. Research was conducted in Lubbock County, Texas, in 1999 on areas Direct measurements of LAI using the LAI-3000 area dominated by Amarillo fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic meter (LI-COR, Lincoln, NE) have shown a positive Aridic Paleustalfs). Five hundred plot estimation samples were collinear relationship between leaf area and SC (Engel et lected for each method along 25 transects, and each transect mean was al., 1987). Since the CA measures foliage area per unit used for the pasture estimation trials. Coefficients of determination of ground area, we hypothesized a positive relationship improved as we moved from plot (0.34, 0.85, 0.37, and 0.70) to pasture would exist between CA measurements and SC.(0.67, 0.87, 0.59, and 0.83) estimation for LAI-2000, visual obstruction,