Diabetes in pregnancy is associated with a derangement of hormones, cytokines, metabolites and growth factors in the maternal and foetal compartment. These may influence placental and umbilical cord, growth and histological structure that are tightly regulated in time and space. The blood and placenta and umbilical cord samples were collected in Hawler Maternity Hospital from (70) diabetic (Type-II) pregnant women and (30) healthy pregnant women directly at parturition. The placenta prepared for histo-pathological examination, while the serum used for both leptin and insulin estimation in both diabetic and non diabetic pregnant women. Our results showed linear significant increase in leptin and insulin levels would all support the increased incidence of placental-related complications observed in diabetic pregnancy witch revealed immaturity of placentae villi, edema of the intima, and intervillous fibrosis in addition of ischemia of the villi. While umbilical cords sections represented thickening parietal layer and vacuolation. So these are found to improve the specificity of diabetic (Type-II) screening tests.
Background: Isotretinoin is a vitamin derivative also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid used in the treatment of severe acne and some forms of skin, head and neck cancer. Some studies have shown that isotretinoin induces apoptosis in various cells in the body. Isotretinion has not been clearly implicated in cases of clinically apparent acute liver injury with jaundice. The mechanism by which isotretinoin causes serum aminotransferase elevations is not known, but it may represent a direct toxic effect, in that it appears to be more frequent with higher dose therapy. For prevention or healing natural herb and its oil are used. The Cumin oil is one of these herbal oils which used as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Objective: To evaluate the histological damage of liver after treatment with the Isotretinoin and find out if cumin oil which was anti-inflammatory natural herb can protect liver from damage. Patients and Methods: 30 male wistar rats weighing 200-250g were used in this study divided into five groups: the first group was control, second was treatment group (T1), receive 10 mg of Isotretinion; the third group was (T2) receives 20 mg of Isotretinion. And last two others were cumin oil groups including (T3) receive 10 mg of Isotretinion plus Cumin oil and (T4) receive 20 mg of Isotretinion plus Cumin oil. The experiment was accomplished in three weeks. In the end of each week, animals from each group were killed and dissect and liver taken for histopathological study. Blood collected for liver functional enzymes evaluation. Liver functional enzymes include alkaline phosphatase, S -GOT, S-GPT, T.S.B, Bilirubin direct and Bilirubin indirect. Results:The study results show a significant difference between the control groups and treatment (T1) group in the values of alkaline phosphatase. A significant difference also found in the result of serum GOT between the T2, T3and T4 groups. The T3 group shows the highest significance between the other groups. The result of GPT shows no significant differences between the study groups except T3 group which show significant P˂0.05. The data of total serum bile (T.S.B) and indirect bilirubin test shows no significant differences among the study groups while analyzing data of direct bilirubin shows significant differences in T1and T2 comparing to other study groups graph. The histological examination of the rat's liver shows variable changes in the treatment groups during different time of the study. Isotretinion affect the texture of liver tissue mains noticed alteration includes infiltration of inflammatory cell around central vein, congestion of sinusoid and vacuolar degeneration in
In this study, 192 healthy pregnant rats weighting about 200-250 grams were used. The animals were housed under standard laboratory condition (12h dark and 22±2 C°). The animals were given standard rat pellets and tap water ad libtium. Normal female rats mated with normal males. The first day of gestation was detected through vaginal smear for sperms of vaginal plug. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single subcutaneous injection of 100 mg/kg of alloxan. After four days, rats with blood glucose more than 200 mg/dl were considered as alloxan induced diabetic pregnant, and they were distributed to three periods (1-7, 8-14 and 15-22) days of gestation. Diabetic pregnant rats at each period were divided to eight groups. First group supplemented with standard diet which respect negative control, while the rest groups were treated with 100mg/kg alloxan subcutaneously. In addition to alloxan, third group was treated with 250mg/kg folate and 4 I.U. insulin subcutaneously, group four was daily injected with 7.5mg/kg folate and 4 I.U. insulin subcutaneously, group five was supplemented with 250mg/kg folate, group six was daily injected with 4 I.U. insulin subcutaneously, group seven was supplemented with 0.1% N-acetyl cysteine and 4 I.U. insulin and the rats of the last group were supplemented with 0.1% N-acetyl cysteine. Ovarian sections were prepared during each week of gestation. Histological examination of ovarian sections revealed less multiple follicles in all treatment groups as compared with positive control. Hemorrhage was seen in folic acid (0.25 mg/kg) and insulin and with n-acetyl cysteine and insulin treated groups. Infiltration of eosinophils was seen in folic acid (250 mg/kg) and insulin groups. From these results it was concluded that the histological sections showed decreasing ovarian follicle number in all treatment groups as compared with positive control.
The preventive influences of folic acid, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and insulin were examined on the alterations of reproductive system related hormones in alloxan-induced diabetic pregnant rats. Healthy pregnant rats (192) were treated with single subcutaneous injection 100 mg/kg body weight alloxan.The experimental rats were divided into five groups: group one represented negative control, group two was positive control. Group three was treated with folic acid 0.25mg/kg; group four, daily injected with insulin; and last group was treated with NAC 1%. Each of 17-β -Estradiol; progesterone; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were assayed by ELISA.Alloxan induced diabetic pregnant rats showed significant decrease in all sexual hormone parameters and in all three weeks of gestation. The hormone β-Estradiol none significantly increased in all treatment groups, while significant increasing in progesterone value was observed in all treated groups. Insulin, restore the elevation of FSH and LH hormones except for LH in second week. Treatment with folic acid 0.25 mg/kg was showed significant increase FSH and LH except FSH in third week and LH in second week. While NAC showed less protective effects through decreasing of only progesterone and estrogen levels.
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