Electrocardiography (ECG) is especially significant in pre-participation screening due to its ability to discover or to rise a suspicion for certain cardiovascular diseases and conditions that represent a serious health risk in athletes. Common, conditionally benign and training related ECG changes are sinus bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia, first degree atrioventricular block, incomplete right bundle branch block, benign early repolarization, and isolated QRS voltage criteria for left ventricular enlargement. Uncommon ECG changes, unrelated to training, and some specific syndromes are ST segment depression and/or ≥ 2 mm T wave inversion in two or more adjacent leads, intraventricular conduction disorder, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome, long QT interval syndrome, short QT interval syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, monomorphic ventricular extrasystole and benign ventricular tachycardia. Keywords: examination; athletes; recommendations
Introduction. There is a great interest to identify factors that influence the value of maximum oxygen consumption. The goal of this research was to assess the body composition, pulmonary parameters, and maximum oxygen consumption in different types of sports and in non-athletes. Material and Methods. The research included 149 male participants: aerobic athletes (n = 55), anaerobic athletes (n = 53) and non-athletes (n = 41). The participants were tested at the Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Novi Sad. Anthropometric parameters and body mass index were measured. Also, the body fat mass was determined by bioelectrical impedance. pulmonary parameters by spirometry and maximum oxygen consumption on a bicycle ergometer. Results. The body mass index values in non-athletes were the highest and significantly different compared to the aerobic athletes (p = 0.01). Also, nonathletes had significantly higher values of body fat mass compared to athletes (p < 0.001). The pulmonary parameters were not significantly different between the tested groups (p > 0.05). However. the values of maximum oxygen consumption were significantly different between all three tested groups (aerobic athletes 53.75 ± 7.82 ml/kg/min; anaerobic athletes 48.04 ± 6.79 ml/kg/min; non-athletes 41.95 ± 8.53 ml/kg/min) (p < 0.001). A low degree of correlation was found between maximum oxygen consumption and pulmonary parameters in the tested groups. Conclusion. Body composition has an impact on the pulmonary parameters. The values of maximum oxygen consumption depend on the type of sport and training. and the highest values are in aerobic sports. There is a low degree of correlation between maximum oxygen consumption and pulmonary parameters in the tested groups.
Background / Aim. Heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate recovery (HRR) show differences between genders and dissimilarities were, as well reported in women in various menstrual cycle (MC) phases. The goal of this research was to analyze cardiac autonomic indices during rest and in recovery after a Wingate test between genders in young, sedentary population and to investigate whether a MC phase can influence these indices. Methods. Twenty-five females (20.5±0.7 years) and sixteen males (20.4±0.7 years) performed a Wingate anaerobic test on a cycle ergometer with their HRR and resting and recovery HRV indices obtained. In females data were collected during three distinctive MC phases. Results. Natural logarithm of low frequency HRV marker (lnLF) and natural logarithm of high frequency HRV marker (lnHF) were higher in males during rest in regard to women in all MC phases, except in late follicular phase, where no differences in lnHF between genders were observed. Markedly higher lnLF and lnHF were recorded in males after the Wingate test. There were no differences in HRV between women in various MC phases during rest. Surprisingly, parasympathetic time domain marker (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, RMSSD) and lnLF were both higher in early follicular in compare to luteal phase during the recovery. HRR was faster in men in compare to women in all MC phases. Conclusion. In conclusion, males show greater HRR and total variability during rest and recovery, but it appears that resting parasympathetic activity is similar when females are in late follicular phase. Intra-female resting autonomic variability is not affected by sex hormonal cycle. Post-exercise HRV in early follicular phase reflects a significantly favourable autonomic profile in compare to luteal phase.
Incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes under 35 years of age is between 0.4 and 4.4 in 100,000. The highest mortality is seen in older athletes (≥35 years) who engage in running, mostly because of complications of atherosclerotic coronary ischemic disease. Majority of European countries are guided by European Society of Cardiology’s (ESC) pre-participation screening (PPS) recommendations that include electrocardiography (ECG), while in the United States of America the ECG is not a routine part of the PPS examination. In Serbia, the ESC guidelines are being used, but there are no references prescribed by the Ministry of Health. The authors of this study believe that the national strategy for sport improvement should be accompanied with clear and well defined PPS recommendations that could be tenable in our health system.
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