The new antiepileptic drugs, levetiracetam (LEV), are used to treat tonic-clonic seizures and myoclonic seizures in adults and children. Thirty pregnant rats were enrolled, which were divided into two groups A control (10), B treated (20). Group (A) were given distilled water orally for 15 days of pregnancy period. The other group was subdivided into two subgroups B1, B2 (each with 10 rats), which were treated with LEV for 14 days for subgroup (B1) and 15 days for the other subgroup (B2). The drug (350 mg/kg/day) is administered orally. Based on our results there was damage in the kidney due to the toxicity of the drug. The histopathological effects is represented by damage of cortical glomeruli in which there were hemorrhage, shrinking, accumulation of glomerular cells, and enlargement of capsular space. Severe malformations in the kidney were observed when the drug is used constantly during the organogenesis stages of pregnancy.
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide. From several markers of this malignancy, HER-2 is considered to have a particular importance because it associates with the treatment and prognosis of the disease. Objective: To investigate the amplification of HER-2 gene in benign and malignant lesions of breast in a sample of Iraqi women. Patients and Methods: A total of 24 excisional breast biopsies were obtained from women with breast lesions. Biopsies were preserved in 10% formalin and undergone paraffin embedding according to the standard protocol. Four µm thick sections were prepared and placed on positively charged slide and stained with fluorescent in situ hybridization. The stained slides were examined with fluorescence microscope to detect HER-2 gene amplification. Results: Fourteen women were found to have benign lesions, while 10 were with malignant lesions. All benign lesions revealed two copies of the gene while seven of malignant cases showed positive results for HER-2 amplification (i.e more than 5 copies of the gene). Conclusion:These results support the idea that amplification of HER-2 could be considered as an indicator for tissue transformation into malignant lesion .
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