New series of indole derivatives analogous to donepezil, a well known anti-Alzheimer and acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drug, was synthesized. A full chemical characterization of the new compounds is provided. Biological evaluation of the new compounds as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors was performed. Most of the compounds were found to have potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor activity compared to donepezil as standard. The compound 1-(2-(4-(2-fluorobenzyl) piperazin-1-yl)acetyl)indoline-2,3-dione (IIId) was found to be the most potent.

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A series of new thiophene derivatives has been synthesized using the Gewald protocol. The acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity was assayed according to Ellman’s method using donepezil as reference. Some of the compounds were found to be more potent inhibitors than the reference. 2-(2-(4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)acetamido)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxamide (IIId) showed 60% inhibition, compared to only 40% inhibition by donepezil.

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A new series of benzothiazole has been synthesized as cytotoxic agents. The new derivatives were tested for their cytotoxic activity toward the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line against cisplatin as the reference drug. Many derivatives revealed good cytotoxic effect, whereas four of them, 4, 5c, 5d, and 6b, were more potent than cisplatin, with IC values being 8.64, 7.39, 7.56, and 5.15 μm compared to 13.33 μm of cisplatin. The four derivatives' cytotoxic activity was accompanied by regulating free radicals production, by increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and depletion of intracellular reduced glutathione, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, accordingly, the high production of hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and other free radicals causing tumor cell death as monitored by reduction in the synthesis of protein and nucleic acids. Most of the tested compounds showed potent to moderate growth inhibitory activity; in particular, compound 6b exhibited the highest activity suggesting it is a lead compound in cytotoxic activity.

A new series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines has been synthesized. The new compounds were tested for their antitumor activity on 60 different cell lines, and some of the compounds were found to have potent antitumor activity. In particular, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde [1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl]hydrazone (VIIa) was found to be the most effective among the other derivatives, showing IC50 values of 0.326 to 4.31 μM on 57 different cell lines.

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A new series of 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-dione structurally related to cyclopenin has been synthesized. The new compounds were assayed in vivo and in vitro for their ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase enzyme and were found to have potent reversible anticholinesterase activity when tested in vitro for isolated frog rectus abdominis and guinea pig ileum in addition to increasing brain cholinesterase level in rats when percentage inhibition were tested in vivo, moreover compounds 5a, 5b, 5c and 5g were the most active. LD(50) was performed for these derivatives and they displayed high safety margin.