The following discussion of Comedy of Errors draws on insights and models of analysis derived from the appraisal theory of emotion, the most important among cognitive theories of emotion. Emotions and action outcomes in this play are explicitly caused by evaluation of situations arising from mistaken identities of two sets of twins. These evaluations and subsequent actions, though based on misconstrued visual information, alter people's personal and social realities. Clearly, the play foregrounds appraisal as a principle guiding elicitation of emotion. The first section of the following discussion provides an introduction to relevant concepts derived from appraisal theory and cognitive poetics. Section two draws attention to Aristotle's idea of Anagnorisis and Agnoia, inviting a look at structures of recognition and reversal from a cognitive perspective. The remaining sections focus on patterns of appraisal in relation to elicitation and thematization of emotion in The Comedy of Errors.
169 Background: IRX4204 is a potent, selective, oral small compound agonist of retinoid X receptor (RXR) nuclear receptor pathways. In preclinical studies IRX4204 synergizes with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3, to induce apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and was effective in reducing human prostate tumor burden in a murine xenograft model. The only prostate cancer patient in a phase I trial of IRX4204 trial manifested a sustained greater than 90% prostate-specific antigen (PSA) reduction and a PR lasting over seven months. These findings led to the current open label phase II trial of IRX4204 to evaluate safety and activity or futility, for treatment of advanced castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods: The trial enrolled 23 men with metastatic CRPC, who had failed a taxane or declined chemotherapy, with ECOG 0-2 with evidence of biochemical or radiographic progression on bone scan, CT and/or MRI. Patients continued with androgen blockade and had to have adequate organ function. Patients were deemed to have demonstrated benefit of IRX4204 treatment if they had PFS greater than 56 days, and/or a 50% PSA decrease, and/or PR or CR by RECIST. Futility defined as four or fewer patients demonstrating benefit in the planned enrollment of 37 patients. Patients received IRX4204 (20 mg/orally daily). PSA was checked Q4 weeks and radiographic assessments Q8 weeks. Radiographic, not PSA progression, was used to determine progression. Results: IRX4204 was well tolerated for up to 11 months. No drug related serious adverse events (SAE) have occurred. Manageable decreases in the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increases in triglycerides, both known adverse effects of RXR agonists, have been observed. Protocol defined patient benefit was observed in 13 out of 23 (57%) patients. Progression-free survival (PFS) more than 56 days observed in 13 out of 23 (57%). PFS more than 112 days observed in 9 out of 23 (39%), range 113 to 330 days. PSA 50% response occurred in 3 out of 23 (13%), including one additional PSA 90% response. No objective responses have occurred. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that IRX4204 treatment of taxane-resistant CRPC is well tolerated, and provides an activity signal warranting further evaluation of IRX4204 as a treatment for chemo-refractory CRPC. Funding: Supported by Io Therapeutics, Inc. 1805 East Garry Ave., Suite 110, Santa Ana, 92705. Clinical trial information: NCT01540071.
This article examines how three classic Hindi films-Pyasaa, The Guide, and Jagate Raho-draw on Indic paradigms of devotional love and śānta rasa and how they use "wonder" as a resolution to distressing emotions experienced by the characters and elicited in the viewer. To this effect, the article emphasizes how socio-cultural models of appraisal elicit various kinds of emotion, and, from this culturally situated but broadly universalist perspective, it traces the journey of the protagonists from fear, dejection, and despair toward amazement and peace. Among contemporary cognitive theories of emotion, the article uses perspectives drawn from the appraisal theory.
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