The increased frequency of Alzheimer-related dementia in patients with PEX is important and a possible association between PEX and Alzheimer's disease could be present.

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ObjectiveRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study evaluated the antidepressant effect of rTMS and examined how it affected N-asetyl aspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), lactate (Lac), myoinositol (mIns), glutamate (Glu), glutathione (GSH), and glutamine (Gln) metabolite levels in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of MDD patients who were not receiving antidepressant medication. MethodsIn total, 18 patients (10 female, 8 male) were evaluated. Each patient underwent H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) before and within 3 days of completion of TMS therapy. All patients completed 20 sessions of rTMS directed at the left DLPFC over a 2-week period. The Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) scores of patients were calculated, and their responses to treatment were assessed within 1–3 days of completion of TMS. ResultsWe found statistically significant differences in HAMD scores before and after rTMS. Moreover, the peak metabolite ratios of NAA/Cr, GSH/Cr, and Gln/Cr were significantly higher after rTMS compared to those before rTMS. ConclusionIncreased understanding of the mechanism of action of TMS will improve its application and may stimulate development of new-generation therapeutic agents.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, also known as 2019-nCoV) was first detected in Wuhan, China, on 31 December 2019. The World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19 as an international public health emergency and a pandemic. 1 While no appropriate treatment is available as yet, many countries are trying to manage the COVID-19 pandemic with combinations of social isolation strategies. The growing threat of the pandemic both in Turkey and around the world as well as social isolation and overload of media information has led to an atmosphere of global anxiety and depression. 2 Especially due to their potential for carriage of virus,

It is shown that ECT, while increasing the anti-inflammatory response such as the levels of IL-4 and TGF-β, it did not affect the levels of MPO and NF-κB activation in this study.