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Communities living near active volcanoes may be exposed to respiratory hazards from volcanic ash. Understanding their perception of the risks and the actions they take to mitigate against those risks is important for developing effective communication strategies. To investigate this issue, the first comparative study of risk perceptions and use of respiratory protection was conducted on 2003 residents affected by active volcanoes from three countries: Japan (Sakurajima volcano), Indonesia (Merapi and Kelud volcanoes) and Mexico (Popocatépetl volcano). The study was designed to test the explanatory value of a theoretical framework which hypothesized that use of respiratory protection (i.e., facemask) would be motivated by two cognitive constructs from protection motivation theory: threat appraisal (i.e., perceptions of harm/ worry about ash inhalation) and coping appraisal (i.e., beliefs about mask efficacy). Using structural equation modelling (SEM), important differences in the predictive ability of the constructs were found between countries. For example, perceptions of harm/ worry were stronger predictors of mask use in Japan and Indonesia than they were in Mexico where beliefs about mask efficacy were more important. The SEM also identified differences in the demographic variants of mask use in each country and how they were mediated by the cognitive constructs. Findings such as these highlight the importance of contextualising our understanding of protection motivation and, thus, the value of developing targeted approaches to promote precautionary behaviour.

Gunung Merapi (Mountain of Fire) is the guardian of a cosmogonicsacred landscape, and one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. Its eruptions are well studied, however, the relationships among ritual, science, protection and grassroots disaster management arising after the 2006 and 2010 eruptions are mostly overlooked. This paper fills this gap in the literature, through qualitative research that explores local perceptions and places respiratory protection in a larger ecology of protective practices during, and after, volcanic crises. In a previous study, 99% of respondents in Yogyakarta used masks to protect from inhaling volcanic ash. In order to understand the respiratory protective practices developed, in the last decade, to cope with Merapi's eruptions, we need to engage with the emergence of the local volunteer-led grassroots monitoring systems. Although these networks were formalised by agencies, they were originally setup in a bottom-up fashion to respond to pyroclastic flows and other life-threatening volcanic hazards. Our research found that they play a key role in the distribution of masks and respiratory health narratives, thus influencing the wide adoption of certain types of respiratory protection. Disaster management agencies, village heads, ritual experts and volunteers participating in these monitoring networks share spiritual signals (dreams) and scientific ones (seismic data, health narratives) and masks as part of their response to volcanic crises. Our findings about these Merapi networks challenge dominant assumptions in the Disaster Risk Reduction literature that tend to equate building resilience with the substitution of problematic 'cultural beliefs' for 'scientific facts'.

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The studies of environmental migration are still limited in Indonesia. Within the limited literature in the Indonesian context, Research Center for Population LIPI has conducted studies on environmental migration in 2015-2016 and the abandonment of shrimp pond due to migration in 2013 in Delta Mahakam, East Kalimantan. Using Livelihood Trajectories (LT) approach, this paper aims to examine the people’s adaptation in Delta Mahakam related to environmental migration. The LT approach gives more understanding of the adaptation process that leads to migration decision-making. By applying a qualitative approach using interviews and focus group discussion (FGD), data are collected related to the changes of landscape livelihood and the adaptation to respond to it.  The interviews and FGD conducted with farmers, fishers, aquaculture farmers who move or stay and with formal/informal leaders and patron. In the case of Delta Mahakam, migration becomes a strategy for adaptation. The decision to migrate is not an instant decision-making process but as a part of trajectories to sustain their livelihood.

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Freshwater is an essential need for human being thus a sufficient supply of it it is required. Naturally, small islands are vulnerable. The occurence of climate change the vulnerability of these islands increase. Changes on temperature and precipitation can alter the hydrological cycle and will directly affect the water supply in small islands. This paper examines various adaptation efforts implemented by local population and government in small islands situated in Belitung and Bintan. Using quantitative method (survey to 400 respondents) and qualitative method (interview and focus group discussion), the research found that the adaptation has already taken place. The responsive/reactive and anticipatory adaptation are managed by government and local people who live in these small islands. Some of the adaptation actions are widening water storage, buying, searching for new water resources, desalination of salt water, rain water harvesting and improvement of water distribution. In addition, local mangrove management in Selat Nasik acts as adaptation functions for barriers of salt water intrusion. However, water governance has not been prioritized although it is proven to be necessary to support adaptive capacity for fresh water fulfillment Keywords: Fresh Water Fulfillment, Small Islands, Adaptation, Responsive/Reactive, Anticipatory, Adaptive Capacity, Water Governance