Background: Hysteroscopy has been proved to have diagnostic accuracy in abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) and helps in localizing the lesions with minimal errors. However, histopathology has been considered as the gold standard in evaluating the pathological causes of AUB. The reliability of hysteroscopy as a single procedure to manage AUB has not been explored so far. This study was carried out to evaluate the validity of hysteroscopy in the diagnosis of AUB. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 50 patients diagnosed with AUB. Hysteroscopy was performed along with curettage and the tissue obtained was sent for histopathological examination. All the participants underwent diagnostic hysteroscopy and hysteroscopic-guided curettage. The hyseroscopic findings were correlated with histopathological findings. Results: We observed that hysteroscopy was an effective diagnostic tool for detecting endometrial hyperplasia, with a specificity of 93% and negative predictive value of 90.1%. As far as polyps were concerned, we observed that hysteroscopy was an effective screening and diagnostic tool of detecting polyps, with a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 82.8%. Conclusion:Because the histopathological findings significantly correlated with the hysteroscopy findings, we are of the opinion that hysteroscopy may as well replace the traditional dilatation and curettage and at the same time replace invasive procedures for endometrial sampling.
The prevalence of menstrual problems is high during adolescence according to published literature. It is essential to determine the menstrual hygiene practices among the adolescent girls and their predictors so as to ascertain the modalities for prevention of menstrual problems. The present study was conducted to evaluate the menstrual problems, menstrual hygiene and their risk factors.This cross-sectional study was carried out among 244 school going adolescent girls in the field practice area of our institution. The participants were selected using two stage sampling. A structured interview schedule was used to obtain information regarding the demographic details, menstrual problems and menstrual hygiene. The data was entered and analyzed using SPSS software. Chi square test was used to analyze the statistical significance.The present study showed a high prevalence for dysmenorrhea (75.4%). About 72.1% of the participants consume over-the-counter medicines for menstrual problems. Majority of the participants (92.2%) use sanitary napkins as absorbent materials. Only 22.1% of the participants wash their genitalia with soap and water during menstruation. About 10.2% of the participants do not take bath during menstruation. Age was a significant risk factor for menstrual hygiene (p<0.05).The present study has emphasized on the need for creating awareness during the early adolescent age in order to inculcate hygienic menstrual practices. It is essential to make sanitary napkins available and affordable in the lower income groups. Moreover, there is a growing need to incorporate adolescent specific health services in the public health system.
Background: Laparoscopic hysterectomy is a minimally invasive procedure with shorter operative time, decreased trauma, and less technical difficulty. However, the success of the procedure depends on various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This study was done to evaluate the factors which influence the success of laparoscopic hysterectomy. Materials and methods: This retrospective record-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 100 participants who underwent laparoscopic hysterectomy for various indications in our tertiary care hospital. The demographic and clinical profiles of these participants were recorded. Particulars related to the success of the surgery including duration of surgery and hospital stay, infections, and other complications were recorded. Results: Our study showed that the duration of surgery and duration of hospital stay were significantly influenced by the parity. Multiparous women were more prone to longer duration of surgery and prolonged hospitalization. The observed difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion:It is essential to develop a scoring mechanism by which each case can be selected or rejected for laparoscopic hysterectomy considering various parameters. This may be carried out by further exploratory research on identifying the key factors which influence the success of the procedure.
Conjoined twinning is a congenital abnormality resulting in various presentations of the fetuses in utero. It is a rare embryological developmental disorder occurring in one in 100,000 births. We present a case of conjoined twinning, which is characterized by the presence of two heads, single vertebral column and single symphysis pubis, with single genitor-urinary tract and single gastro intestinal tract. The present condition, referred to as dicephalus parapagus, is a rare entity among the conjoined twinning and has seldom positive outcomes. The mechanism of occurrence of conjoined twinning has been proposed either through fusion or fission of the embryos. In either case, surgical separation of the conjoined twins is often unsuccessful and results in increased morbidity and mortality. However, it is essential to screen for the presence of such congenital anomalies early during pregnancy, in order to terminate and provide parental counselling.
Background: Perinatal transmission of HIV affects nearly 5,00,000 infants globally every year, most of them living in developing countries. The risk of transmission of HIV 1 virus from pregnant mother to baby has been reported to be between 21% and 43% in developing countries. This mandates the need for screening all antenatal women for prevention HIV transmission. This study was carried out to estimate the prevalence and outcome of HIV in pregnant mothers in rural Tamil Nadu. Methods: All pregnant women attending ANC clinics during the study period were included in the study. A total of 5311 antenatal women participated in this cross sectional study. Routine investigations were carried out and HIV was analysed by two rapid tests and one Elisa test. Manufacturer protocol was followed. Seropositive samples were further confirmed by western blot technique. Those samples with reactivity to any key antigen were considered positive. Results: Among 5311 antenatal women tested 26 of them were found to be seropositive for HIV. The seroprevalance rate of HIV is 0.49%. Most of the seropositive subjects belonged to the age group of 26-30 yrs (n=15) and were of parity one or two and belonged to low socioeconomic status (n= 20) and were illiterates. Among the patients, 11 had normal delivery and 8 of them had LSCS. All newborn were screened for HIV DNA PCR and was given nevirapine as single dose. PCR done on all these babies were negative. Conclusion:As the period of pregnancy may be the only time available to screen women for HIV infection, and to prevent prenatal transmission routine prenatal counselling and testing is mandatory.
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