Corneal infiltrates can be classified into six distinct categories. This classification scheme, based on clinical characteristics, should aid diagnosis, management, and treatment of corneal infiltrates as well as assisting investigations into the etiology of each of these conditions.

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Apoptosis in metazoans is often accompanied by the destruction of DNA replication initiation proteins, inactivation of checkpoints and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases, which are inhibited by checkpoints that directly or indirectly require initiation proteins. Here we show that, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, mutations in initiation proteins that attenuate both the initiation of DNA replication and checkpoints also induce features of apoptosis similar to those observed in metazoans. The apoptosis-like phenotype of initiation mutants includes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the budding-yeast metacaspase Yca1p. In contrast to a recent report that activation of Yca1p only occurs in lysed cells and does not contribute to cell death, we found that, in at least one initiation mutant, Yca1p activation occurs at an early stage of cell death (before cell lysis) and contributes to the lethal effects of the mutation harbored by this strain. Apoptosis in initiation mutants is probably caused by DNA damage associated with the combined effects of insufficient DNA replication forks to completely replicate the genome and defective checkpoints that depend on initiation proteins and/or replication forks to restrain subsequent cell-cycle events until DNA replication is complete. A similar mechanism might underlie the proapoptotic effects associated with the destruction of initiation and checkpoint proteins during apoptosis in mammals, as well as genome instability in initiation mutants of budding yeast.

Short answer scoring systems typically use regular expressions, templates or logic expressions to detect the presence of specific terms or concepts among student responses. Previous work has shown that manually developed regular expressions can provide effective scoring, however manual development can be quite time consuming. In this work we present a new approach that uses word-order graphs to identify important patterns from humanprovided rubric texts and top-scoring student answers. The approach also uses semantic metrics to determine groups of related words, which can represent alternative answers. We evaluate our approach on two datasets: (1) the Kaggle Short Answer dataset (ASAP-SAS, 2012), and (2) a short answer dataset provided by Mohler et al. (2011). We show that our automated approach performs better than the best performing Kaggle entry and generalizes as a method to the Mohler dataset.

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In this paper, we present the results of global transcript analysis by the microarray technique of senescent and apoptotic yeast cells. We compared young daughter and old mother cells isolated by elutriation centrifugation, and non-apoptotic and apoptotic cells induced either by a temperature shift of the cdc48(S565G) temperature-sensitive mutant or of the orc2-1 temperature-sensitive mutant. The majority of all genes found to be differentially regulated in these three physiological situations was upregulated, indicating that a cellular death process was initiated rather than an unspecific shut-down of gene expression due to immediate killing. The functional classes of genes upregulated in all three conditions were largely the same, although individual genes were in many cases not identical. The largest group of genes involved were nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial components or functions, which is understandable given the fact that apoptosis can be triggered by mitochondrially generated oxygen radicals and that mitochondria play an important role in the execution of apoptosis. Other functional classes consisted of genes involved in DNA damage response, in cell cycle regulation and checkpoints, in DNA repair, and in membrane lipid and cell wall synthesis. These functional classes represent the response of the cell to the known cellular insults, which occur during aging and apoptosis. As we have shown previously, final-stage senescent yeast mother cells (of the wild-type) are apoptotic.

Efficient clustering algorithms play a very important role in the fast connection establishment of ad hoc networks. In this paper, we describe a communication model that is derived directly from that of Bluetooth, an emerging technology for perva.~ive computing; this teclmology is expected to play a major role in future personal area network applications. We filrther propose two new distributed algorithms for clustermg in wireless ad hoc networks. The existing algorithms often become infeasible because they use models where the discovering devices broadcast their Ids and exchange substantial information in the initial stages of the algorithm.We propose a 2-stage distributed O(N) randomized algorithm for an N node complete network, that always finds the minimum number of star-shaped clusters, which have maximum size. We then present a completely deterministic O(N) distributed algorithm for the same model, which achieves the same purpose. ~,Ve describe in detail how these algorithms can be applied to Bluetooth for efficient scatternet formation. Finally, we evaluate both algorithms using simulation experiments based on the Bluetooth communication model, and compare their performance.

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