Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

Areas abandoned for various reasons are widespread on Earth, with a significant proportion in some regions of Europe. Our knowledge of vegetation dynamics in abandoned lands is incomplete, in part because research comparing types abandoned from different cultivars is limited. This paper compared the textural and structural changes of previously extensively treated vineyards, arables, and grasslands over a 30-year timescale in secondary succession studies. Based on the botanical surveys, it can be said that the total species number and diversity of abandoned vineyards and arable lands did not increase linearly in the four age groups studied. The way of secondary succession of former vineyards and arable lands showed many similarities. In these types, rapid regeneration of natural vegetation can be observed, the rate of which can only be reduced by the abundance of a few strong competitor species. However, the abandonment of extensively grazed and mowed grasslands has reduced species numbers and diversity, which may reduce the resilience of such grasslands to environmental factors. In abandoned lands, the mosaic landscape and previous extensive small-plot farming appear to have a positive effect on the rate of secondary succession and regeneration, as the species-rich vegetation patches provide a suitable propagule source for regeneration.

A new species, Melanoleuca juliannae is described from Hungary. Its most outstanding character is the presence of a violaceous-blue colour in the stipe base. Sequence comparisons with other Melanoleuca species revealed highly similar but decolourate members of the species, lacking the remarkable colour of the stipe. These specimens are described as Melanoleuca juliannae var. decolorans based on three collections from the Czech Republic and Italy. Detailed macro- and microscopic descriptions of the new species are given. The position of M. juliannae within subgen. Urticocystis was confirmed by DNA sequence data of the ITS region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1). Although intra-individual heterogeneity in ITS region was revealed in some specimens of the type variety, the tef1 sequences lack a similar heterogeneity.

Th e fi rst part of the newly launched series includes miscellaneous new records from fungi to vascular plants. New Th e present paper includes also the revision of the occurrence of Calamag rostis villosa in Hungary and concludes that it has been extinct in the country.

Parallel phyto- and mycocoenological investigations have been made since 2001 in all characteristic forest types in Borzsony Mts., North Hungary. The main aim of this work was the examination of similarities between plant and fungal communities, as well as the plant—fungi connections within certain habitats. Among the total 381 macrofungi species documented, 330 occurred in the investigated 7 forest stands. Wood-inhabiting fungal communities of coniferous stands can be separated unambiguously from those of deciduous stands. Communities of deciduous stands can be divided into two subgroups: those fructifying in wet and in semidry stands. The main factors which influence the composition of wood inhabiting fungal communities seem to be, in decreasing order: (1) crown layer composition; and (2) soil properties (probably only humidity). Wood-inhabiting fungal communities do not show any relation with the underwood layer of particular plant associations. Amongst soil inhabiting fungal communities, three groups can be separated: (1) those of coniferous stands and alderwood; (2) those of the two climax stands; and (3) those of the two edaphic deciduous stands. Classification of these communities is similar to classification of plants of underwood layers. Probably both are dependent upon soil properties (humidity and pH) of particular habitats, but the range of mycorrhizal partners is also decisive for macrofungi communities. All investigated stands are under forestry management, with low quantity of dead and infected wood, so forestry management type may have a great influence in composition of both wood and soil saprotrophic fungal communities.

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Fungi fulfill an extremely important role in ecosystems. One of their most significant functions is breaking down organic matter, or forming mycorrhiza with their symbiotic tree partners. There are several factors that contribute to the reclining of the different fungi species, for example the changing or disappearing habitats, like the acidophilus forests, or the decrease of the amount of the substrates, or in the case of edible species, collection. Thus the conservation of the given species and their habitats is necessary. The legislation of fungi protection in Hungary was established in 2005, when 35 fungi species received legal protection. This list has been extended in 2013, so currently there are 58 fungi species protected by law. The aim of the current work is to present the protected fungi species that were found in Mecsek and Zselic. The collecting happened mainly in 2016 in the area of Mecsek and Zselic, from acidophilus beech (Fagus) forests and oak and hornbeam (Quercus and Carpinus) forests. The following 6 protected species were found: Ganoderma cupreolaccatum, Hypsizygus ulmarius, Pogonoloma macrocephalum, Grifola frondosa, Scutiger pes-caprae and Volvariella bombycina. Before 2016 other protected species were found as well, Lycoperdon mammiforme, Gyrodon lividus, Sarcodon scabrosus, Hericium erinaceus, Craterellus melanoxeros and Polyporus tuberaster. The Ganoderma cupreolaccatum prefers the old trees that are characteristic of the oldgrowth woods, since it mainly grows on old beech trunks. It is rare throghout all Europe. It was found in the Kőszegi-forrás forest reserve in the Mecsek, in a hornbeam and oak (Carpinus and Quercus) forest. Hypsizygus ulmarius is a species that prefers the dead, thicker stumps, especially elm (Ulmus), though it can be found on other deciduous trees as well. It is endangered because the area of the old-growth forests and the adequately thick stumps is declining. Also, the elm disease decimated its preferred substrate. In Mecsek it was found in the Kőszegi-forrás forest reserve. Pogonoloma macrocephalum grows mainly under old oaks in seminatural oakwoods, that is becoming increasingly rare. Also, this large, edible mushroom may be collected for nutritional purposes. It was found in Mecsek, Kőszegi-forrás forest reserve, and also in the Zselic. Grifola frondosa lives on the trunks of living oaks (Quercus) or chestnut (Castanea). It was also collected from the Kőszegi-forrás forest reserve. Scutiger pes-caprae is endangered due to environmental factors: it prefers strongly acidic soil, that are reclining due to eutrophication. It was found in an acidophilus beech forest (Égervölgy, Mecsek). Volvariella bombycina. This large mushroom grows on old, living or decaying deciduous trees, especially beech and oak. It prefers gallery forests but can also be found in human habitats. The decreasing of old, decaying wood makes it endangered.

Oligotrophic peat bogs are vulnerable, special habitats with unique funga, preserved only in small spots. The climatic extremities accelerate their degradation. Systematic field surveys have been made from 1998 on the macrofungi of six bogs: Mohos, Lucs, Ördög-lake, Fenyőkút, Veresvíz and Poiana Stampei in Pino-Sphagnetum magellanicii (PIN-S) and Sphagno-Piceetum (S-PIC) stands. A total number of 294 taxa were documented with 1063 occurrence data, the majority (264 taxa, 784 data) from S-PIC, a lower number (90 taxa, 279 data) from PINS. Constant character species from all stands were Lactarius helvus, Russula decolorans and Russula paludosa. In the S-PIC stands several widespread spruce-connected species were fructifying. Because of their high data number, Cortinarius sanguineus, Hypholoma capnoides, Lactarius lignyotus, Lactarius picinus, Leccinum vulpinum, Pholiota flammans, Russula vinosa and Tylopilus felleus can be highlighted. Some species of the surrounding beech stands can penetrate here, like Boletus reticulatus, Lactarius vellereus, Russula solaris. Beside in drier years, species indicating disturbance can also occur: Chlorophyllum rachodes, Crucibulum laeve, Inocybe geophylla. From the rare species, Albatrellus (A. confluens, A. ovinus and A. subrubescens) and Hydnellum (H. aurantiacum, H. geogenium, H. peckii, H. scrobiculatum and H. suaveolens) species can be mentioned, as well as Bankera violascens, Lactarius repraesentaneus, Lactarius trivialis and Mitrula paludosa. In the PINS stands frequent characteristic species were Amanita fulva, Cortinarius caperatus, Fomitopsis betulina, Fomitopsis pinicola, Lactarius vietus and Suillus variegatus, all fructifying in lower number in S-PIC, too. Constant character species for PINS were Exobasidium vaccinii, E. karstenii and Galerina paludosa. Rare species were Cortinarius chrysolitus, C. tubarius, Exobasidium juelianum, Hypholoma ericaeum, Lactarius sphagneti, Pseudoplectania sphagnophila, Russula longipes and R. consobrina. The functional distribution showed a mycorrhizal dominance in all stands (50-80%), followed by the wood inhabiting saprotrophic (10-30%). The proportion of the soil saprotrophic species was between 10-15% in the S-PIC, while the rare functions were occurring only in the PINS: mossconnected (Arrhenia onisca, A. sphagnicola, Bogbodia uda, Galerina gibbosa, G. paludosa, Hypholoma elongatum and Rickenella fibula); and biotrophic parasite (Exobasidium spp.). Ten species are stated in the Romanian Red List, three vulnerable (VU):