The gastrointestinal tracts (GIT) of herbivores harbor dense and diverse microbiota that has beneficial interactions with the host, particularly for agriculturally relevant animals like ruminants such as cattle. When assessing ruminant health, microbiological indicators are often derived from the rumen or feces. However, it is probable that ruminal and fecal microbiota do not reflect the microbial communities within the GIT of ruminants. To test this, we investigated the compartments of the GIT from a Brazilian Nelore steer and performed a 16S rRNA pyrosequencing analysis on the collected samples. Our results showed high intra-individual variation, with samples clustering according to their location in the GIT including the forestomach, small intestine, and large intestine. Although sequences related to the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes predominated all samples, there was a remarkable variation at the family level. Comparisons between the microbiota in the rumen, feces, and other GIT components showed distinct differences in microbial community. This work is the first intensive non-culture based GIT microbiota analysis for any ruminant and provides a framework for understanding how host microbiota impact the health of bovines.

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Several species of marine fish caught in the wild and of freshwater ornamental fish were used in this study. Infected organs (liver, spleen, and kidney) were sampled for mycobacteria. Decontaminated tissue samples were plated onto selective media for mycobacterial recovery. After initial isolation, fluorescent and acid-fast staining techniques identified bacterial colonies to genus. Profiles of biochemical growth characteristics were used to further identify the isolates to species. Five species of Mycobactenum were identified: M. simiae, M. scrofulaceum, M. marinum, M. chelonae, and M. fortuitum. Of these, M. simiae and M. scrofulaceum have not been previously reported from fish. Tissue samples containing focal granulomatous lesions were prepared for electron microscopic examination.

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ResumoVisando o conhecimento da topografia do cone medular, foram dissecados cinco lobos guará ( Chrysocyon brachyurus) adultos, três machos e duas fêmeas, tendo sido verificado que o comprimento médio daquela porção da medula espinhal foi de cerca de 6,5 em. A base do cone medular, formada pelo sexto segmento lombar da medula espinhal, mostrou-se apoiada sobre a terceira vértebra lombar (L3) e seu ápice, mais freqüentemente, sobre a quinta vértebra lombar (L5) ou, em igual proporção, sobre a junção entre a quinta e a sexta vé1iebras lombares, podendo ainda atingir a sexta daquelas vértebras (L6).O fundo de saco durai apresentou sua extremidade junto à margem caudal da sétima vértebra lombar (L7) ou próximo à margem cranial da primeira vértebra sacra! (S1).Palavras-chave: anatomia, cone medular, lobo-guará. AbstractSeeking the knowledge of the topography of the spinal cord end, o r medullar cone, tive adults guara wolves ( Chrysocyon brachyurus), three males and two females, were dissected, having been verified that the medium length of that portion of the spinal cord was about 6.5 em. The base of the medullar cone, formed by the sixth lumbar segment of the spinal cord, it was shown leaning on the third lumbar vertebra (L3) and your apex more frequently on the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) o r, equally, on the junction between fifth and sixth lumbar vertebrae; could still reach sixth of those vertebrae (L6). The durai sac presented your extremity close to the caudal margin of the seventh I um bar vertebra (L7) o r close to the cranial margin of the first sacra! vertebra (S1 ).