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Abstract. Seaweed farming is widely considered to be a profitable source of income and lucrative livelihood for coastal communities in Indonesia. This paper aims to analyze the income of seaweed farming households in the village of Lemo, Poleang Tenggara sub district, Bombana district, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia. This paper also assess perception of farmers and their participation in diversified livelihoods. A formal household survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire covering the patterns of income from seaweed farming, fishing, and other occupations of 64 selected respondents. Results show that all respondents engaged in a combination of seaweed farming and fishing and non-fisheries activities. However, seaweed farming has the highest contribution to household income of all activities. In addition, themajority of seaweed farmer households in Lemo village have incomes below the National Poverty Line due to the low quality of human resources; lack of qualified farming technology, especially qualified seedlings plus lack of access to marketing networks, information and communication. Therefore, some recommendations for improving the seaweed farming methods need to be implemented.

The aim of this study was to analyse the variations and structure of seaweed farming household incomes; to quantify the income coming from various income sources and to analyse the efficiency of seaweed farming. The study was conducted in the village of Bungin Permai, South Konawe from July to September 2016 using structured interviews. In total there were 96 household respondents involved. Income structures and strategies were analysed descriptively, while the amount of income was determined using income analysis. The results showed that most respondents worked in the fisheries sector as seaweed farmers (n=75; 77%) and also as fishermen. The average income generated by seaweed farming households was IDR. 29,154,121 annually; the income from seaweed farming was IDR. 10,556,724 annually, while the income obtained from non-fishing activities was IDR. 11,071,875 annually. The respondents generated additional income by catching crabs, fishing using traps and anchored lift nets (bagan). When all the depreciated assets (e.g. ropes, floats, and traditional boats) were included in the expenses, the mean C/R (cost-to-revenue) value of seaweed farming was 1.88. The lowest R/C was 0.96 while the highest was 21.04. Those R/C values mean that seaweed faming in Bungin Permai was generally efficient and profitable.

The present study identifies existing mariculture activities and its constraints in SE Sulawesi, along with its geo-physical attributes in the Province.This allows for a better understanding the potential, current and future status of mariculture development in the area and making sure its sustainability. The study was conducted to map the existing mariculture activities in SE Sulawesi. Data collection was performed in June 2009. Spatial and attribute data of the existing mariculture were acquired by interviewing fish farmer using open-ended questionnaire and analyzed using ArcGIS 9.x. Key water quality parameters consisted of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, depth, clarity, and turbidity and analyzed using STORET Indeks. Three big clusters of existing mariculture activities are located in Kendari, Muna and Buton areas, collectively serving as both a source of mariculture products and a market destination or transit location. All surveyed locations of existing mariculture activities in SE Sulawesi show relatively optimal water quality conditions. Site capacity and suitability analysis of existing or potential areas of mariculture activities and development have largely not been considered by stakeholders involved in managing coastal areas, resulting in crowded and unmanaged development with multiple overlapping economic activities in some areas. Piloting of integrated ‘value-adding’ mariculture industries (e.g. raw material, processed products and ‘ready to eat’ industries) might help ease some if not all of the existing economic problems of the mariculture sector.

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty), a red seaweed, is the most widely cultivated commodity in Indonesia. However, there is a decline in the cultivation production in the last three years. One way to overcome this problem is by improving the quality of seedlings through a development of farming. Efforts made from these are to develop farming techniques using different planting distances (PD) treatments. This study aimed to determine the effect of different PD on growth and carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii using seedlings produced from mass selection combined with tissue-cultured method. This research was conducted in Marobo coastal waters, Bone District, Muna Regency, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments based on different PD and five replications. The treatments were A: 10 cm PD, B: 15 cm PD, and C: 20 cm PD. The results show that the daily growth rate (DGR) of all treatments tended not to differ significantly. For 10 cm PD, the DGR tended to be higher and significantly different from the other two treatments, 15 cm and 20 cm. DGR averagely were 6.00±1.19%/day, 5.36±1.17%/day, and 5.27±1.62%/day for 10, 15, and 20 cm PD, respectively. The ratio of fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) showed no significant differences among treatments. Ratio of FW:DW treatments of 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm were 8.34:1, 9.58:1, and 8.98:1, respectively. For carrageenan yield, the treatment of 20 cm PD showed highest yield and it was significantly different from other treatments. Seaweed diseases and epiphytes found during this study were ice-ice and epiphytes (Sargassum polychystum).