This study presents the results of comparative analysis of linguistic instantiations of English CONTAINER metaphors of emotions and their Ukrainian translations to reveal the cognitive models and cognitive operations that underpin the translations. The research data includes 2,000 utterances with CONTAINER metaphors of emotional states that come from G. Martin's novels and their translations into Ukrainian performed by V. Brodovyj. Ukrainian translations of the English EMOTION as CONTAINER mapping are based on three cognitive operations: reconstruction, substitution and elimination. There are some structural differences in linguistic instantiations of the EMOTION as CONTAINER mapping in the original and translation stemming from the analytical nature of English and synthetic nature of Ukrainian. If English CONTAINER metaphors are verbalised predominantly syntactically, by prepositional phrases, Ukrainian CONTAINER metaphors are verbalised mostly morphologically, by derivative words with the prefixes, etymologically connected to the idea of a CONTAINER. As for semantic differences, in Ukrainian translations EMOTIONS-BOUNDARIES mappings tend to be substituted with EMOTIONS-INTERIORS mappings. It implies an inference that Ukrainians imagine EMOTIONAL STATES as SUBSTANCES filling the insides of their bodies rather than BOUNDARIES suppressing them from the outside. Another tendency is substituting the CONTAINER as a STATIC PASSIVE ENTITY with some ACTIVE AGENT like a HUMAN / LIVING BEING influencing the EXPERIENCER.
Keywords: dihydroimidazolo[1,5-b]pyridazine-4-carboxylates, o-phenylenediamines, 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole, β-aroylacrylic acid ethyl esters, chemical properties, cyclocondensation.β-Aroylacrylic acids are convenient polyelectrophilic reagents in the synthesis of heterocycles, for which the addition reaction of N-, S-, P-, or C-nucleophiles occurs exclusively at the α-carbonyl-electrophilic center of the molecule [1-3]. The products of C-nucleophilic addition were successfully isolated on interaction of the acids with 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole, however cyclization of the intermediates is accompanied by decarboxylation and aromatization, which enabled the preparation only of heteroaromatic derivatives of imidazopyridazine [4]. This limitation was taken off when using N-arylamides of aroylacrylic acids in reaction with the amine indicated [5].With the aim of broadening the synthetic potential of β-aroylacrylic acids, the behavior of their ethyl esters 1a-f was studied in reaction with o-phenylenediamines 2a,b and 1,2-diamino-4-phenylimidazole (3). Several electrophilic centers are present in the molecules of α,β-unsaturated γ-keto esters 1, viz. atoms C(2) and C(4) and the carbon atom of the ester group, which is hopeful for many reaction routes with nucleophilic reagents.The initial γ-keto esters 1a-f were synthesized by known literature methods [6][7][8]. Their interaction (in the example of compounds 1a,b) with diamine 2a in methanol leads to 3-phenacylquinoxalin-2-ones 4a,b, isolated in high yield. The latter were obtained previously by the reaction of the appropriate β-aroylacrylic acids with o-PDA (o-phenylenediamine) [9]. __________________________________________________________________________________________
3-Aroylacrylic acids and their functionalized derivatives are convenient bielectrophilic reagents for the synthesis of six-membered heterocycles [1][2][3][4][5]. The formal [4+2], [3+3] or [2+4] cycloaddition schemes correspond to interaction of these compounds with 1,4-, 1,3-or 1,2-binucleophiles respectively. Reactions of 3-aroylacrylic acids with -aminoazoles remain the least studied, few publications being concerned with this problem [6,7]. However, a convenient method for the synthesis of the azolopyridine or azolopyrimidine systems is the reaction of chalcone type enone systems with -aminoazoles [8]. The synthetic availability of 3-aroylacrylic acids [9, 10], the high reactivity of an activated ethylene bond [11][12][13], and the possibility of functionalization of the carboxyl group point to the evident advantages of these bielectrophiles over the chalcones.In our work we have studied the cyclocondensation of the 3-aroylacrylates 1a-d with the 5-aminopyrazoles 2a,b and the 3-aroylacrylates 1d-g with 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (3).There are literature reports of the formation of both pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines [14-17] and pyrazolo [3,4-b]pyridines [18][19][20] in the reaction of 5-aminopyrazoles with compounds having enone structural fragments. The use of 3-aroylacrylic acid derivatives in similar reactions permits the synthesis of functionalized dihydroazoloazine systems [6].Treatment of the esters 1a-d with 5-aminopyrazole 2a in ethanol gives high yields of the pyrazolo-[3,4-b]pyridines 4a-d as yellow crystals. The formation of the pyrazolopyridine bicycle is associated above all with the nucleophilic centers of the 5-aminopyrazole molecule [18,19]. The synthesis of pyrazolopyridines 4a-d involves the formation of an α-adduct at the pyrazole 2a C-4 atom.
Autoantibodies against type 1 interferons (IFN-I) are a highly specific marker for type 1 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS-1). Moreover, determination of antibodies to omega-interferon (IFN-ω) and alpha2-interferon (IFN-α2) allows a short-term diagnosis in patients with isolated and atypical forms of APS-1. In this study, a comparison of three different methods, namely multiplex microarray-based, cell-based and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of antibodies against omega-interferon and alpha2-interferon, was carried out. A total of 206 serum samples from adult patients with APS-1, APS-2, isolated autoimmune endocrine pathologies or non-autoimmune endocrine disorders, and healthy individuals were analyzed. In the APS-1 patient cohort (n = 18), there was good agreement between the results of anti-IFN-I antibody tests performed by three methods, with 100% specificity and sensitivity for microarray-based assay. Although only the cell-based assay can determine the neutralizing activity of autoantibodies, the microarray-based assay can serve as a highly specific and sensitive screening test to identify anti-IFN-I antibody positive patients.
Pyrazine derivatives R 0550 Rearrangement of 2-(2-Aryl-2-oxoethyl)-1,2-dihydropyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin--3(4H)-ones (I).-(KOLOS*, N. N.; KOVALENKO, L. Y.; Chem. Heterocycl.
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