CREB is an ubiquitous transcription factor regulating diverse cellular responses. Its phosphorylation at S133 is an essential event for its activation in both nervous and visual systems. The activated CREB is implicated in the regulation of development, protection, learning, memory and plasticity in the nerve system. Moreover, sumoylation, an important post-translational modification of protein, plays a key role in sustaining CREB activation in the rat hippocampus in order to enhance the long-term memory and other aspects. In the visual system, although the CREB activation by phosphorylation at S133 is similar to that as observed in the nervous system, the role of CREB sumoylation remains to be explored. This review will discuss the aspects of CREB functions and their regulation by phosphorylation and sumoylation in both systems.
Microalgae have outstanding abilities to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into useful lipids, which makes them extremely promising as renewable sources for manufacturing beneficial compounds. However, during this process, reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be inevitably formed via electron transfers in basal metabolisms. While the excessive accumulation of ROS can have negative effects, it has been supported that proper accumulation of ROS is essential to these organisms. Recent studies have shown that ROS increases are closely related to total lipid in microalgae under stress conditions. However, the exact mechanism behind this phenomenon remains largely unknown. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce the production and elimination of ROS in microalgae. The roles of ROS in three different signaling pathways for lipid biosynthesis are then reviewed: receptor proteins and phosphatases, as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors. Moreover, the strategies and applications of ROS-induced lipid biosynthesis in microalgae are summarized. Finally, future perspectives in this emerging field are also mentioned, appealing to more researchers to further explore the relative mechanisms. This may contribute to improving lipid accumulation in microalgae.
The male abnormal gene family contains 3 members, named mab21l1, mab21l2 and mab21l3. Since their first discovery in C. elegans, homologues of mab21l1 and mab21l2 have been found in Drosophila, Zebrafish, Xenopus, chicken, mouse and human. A number of studies have revealed that mab21 gene family members, mab21l1 and mab21l2, play important roles in regulating eye development. Here, we review the functions of the mab genes in regulating ocular development.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.